Information about Pakistan
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| اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان Islāmī Jumhūrīyah Pākistān Islamic Republic of Pakistan | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Motto اتحاد، تنظيم، يقين محکم Ittehad, Tanzim, Yaqeen-e-Muhkam (Urdu) "Unity, Discipline and Faith" | ||||||
| Anthem "Qaumi Tarana" | ||||||
) Location of Pakistan | ||||||
| Capital | Islamabad | |||||
| Largest city | Karachi | |||||
| Official languages | Urdu, English | |||||
| Demonym | Pakistani | |||||
| Government | Semi-presidential republic | |||||
| - | President | Pervez Musharraf | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Shaukat Aziz | ||||
| Formation | ||||||
| - | Independence | from the United Kingdom | ||||
| - | Declared | August 14 1947 | ||||
| - | Islamic republic | March 23 1956 | ||||
| - | Water (%) | 3.1 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2007 estimate | 161,488,000<ref name="Pakistan proper" />[1] (6th) | ||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2007 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $475.6 billion (25th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $3,004.5 (128th) | ||||
| Gini? (2002) | 30.6 (medium) | |||||
| HDI (2006) | 0.539 (medium) (134th) | |||||
| Currency | Rupee (Rs.) (PKR) | |||||
| Time zone | PST (UTC+5) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | not observed (UTC+6) | ||||
| Internet TLD | .pk | |||||
| Calling code | +92 | 2 | ||||
)
Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world and is the second most populous country with a Muslim majority. Its territory was a part of the pre-partitioned British India and has a long history of settlement and civilisation including the Indus Valley Civilisation. Most of its current territory was conquered in the 1st millennium BCE by Persians and Greeks and ruled by them for a few centuries. For the rest of history the region was part of a various local and Central Asian dynasties. Later arrivals and conquests include those by the Arabs, Afghans, Turks, Baloch and Mongols. The territory was incorporated into British India in the nineteenth century. Since its independence, the country has experienced both periods of significant military and economic growth and has also experienced times of significant instability.
Etymology
The name "Pakistan" (IPA: [paːkɪst̪aːn]) means "Land of the Pure" in Urdu, and Persian. It was coined in 1934 as "Pakstan" by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, who published it in the pamphlet Now or Never.[3] The name represented, according to Ali, the "thirty million Muslims of PAKSTAN, who live in the five Northern Units of (British) India—Punjab, N.W.F.P. (Afghania), Kashmir, Sindh, and Baluchistan."[4] The nation was founded officially as the Dominion of Pakistan in 1947, and was renamed the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in 1956.History
)
Mahmud and Ayaz. The Sultan (in red), with Malik Ayaz (in green) standing behind him. On the Sultan's right is Shah Abbas I, who reigned 600 years later
Waves of conquerors and migrants including Harappan, Indo-Aryan, Persian, Grecian, Saka, Parthian, Kushan, White Hun, Afghan, Arab, Turkics, and Mughal settled in the region throughout the centuries, influencing the locals and being absorbed among them. However, while the eastern provinces of Punjab and Sind became aligned with Indo-Islamic civilization, the western areas became culturally allied with the Iranic civilization of Afghanistan and Iran. The modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947. The region is a crossroads of historic trade routes, including the Silk Road.
The Indus Valley Civilization collapsed in the middle of the second millennium BCE and was followed by the Vedic Civilization, which extended over much of the Indo-Gangetic plains. Successive empires and kingdoms ruled the region from the Achaemenid Persian empire[6] around 543 BCE, to Alexander the Great[7] in 326 BCE and the Mauryan empire. The Indo-Greek Kingdom founded by Demetrius of Bactria included Gandhara and Punjab from 184 BCE, and reached its greatest extent under Menander, establishing the Greco-Buddhist period with advances in trade and culture. The city of Taxila (Takshashila) became a major centre of learning in ancient times - the remains of the city, located to the west of Islamabad, are one of the country's major archaeological sites.
In 712 CE, the Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim[8] conquered Sindh and Multan in southern Punjab. The Pakistan government's official chronology states that "its foundation was laid" as a result of this invasion.[9] This would set the stage for several successive Muslim empires in the Indian subcontinent, including the Ghaznavid Empire, the Ghorid Kingdom, the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire. During this period, Sufi missionaries played a pivotal role in converting a majority of the regional Buddhist and Hindu population to Islam. The gradual decline of the Mughal Empire in the early eighteenth century provided opportunities for the Afghans, Balochis and Sikhs to exercise control over large areas until the British East India Company[10] gained ascendancy over South Asia.
)
The 1857 War of Independence
Pakistan was formed on 14 August 1947 with two Muslim-majority wings in the eastern and northwestern regions of the British Indian Empire, separated from the rest of the country with a Hindu majority, and comprising the provinces of Balochistan, East Bengal, the North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab and Sindh. The partition of the British Indian Empire resulted in communal riots[13] across India and Pakistan—millions of Muslims moved to Pakistan and millions of Hindus and Sikhs moved to India. Disputes arose over several princely states including Jammu and Kashmir whose ruler had acceded to India following an invasion by Pashtun warriors, leading to the First Kashmir War (1948) ending with Pakistan occupying roughly one-third of the state. From 1947 to 1956, Pakistan was a Dominion in the Commonwealth of Nations. The republic declared in 1956 was stalled by a coup d'etat by Ayub Khan (1958–69), who was president during a period of internal instability and a second war with India in 1965. His successor, Yahya Khan (1969–71) had to deal with the cyclone which caused 500,000 deaths[14] in East Pakistan.
)
Governor General Jinnah delivering the opening address on 11 August 1947 to the new state of Pakistan.
)
The two wings of Pakistan in 1970; East Pakistan separated from the West wing in 1971 as an independent Bangladesh.
Civilian rule resumed from 1972 to 1977 under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, until he was deposed and later sentenced to death in what amounted to a judicial murder in 1979 by General Zia-ul-Haq, who became the country's third military president. Pakistan's secular policies were replaced by Zia's introduction of the Islamic Shariah legal code, which increased religious influences on the civil service and the military. With the death of General Zia in a plane crash in 1988, Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the first female Prime Minister of Pakistan. Over the next decade, she alternated power with Nawaz Sharif, as the country's political and economic situation worsened. Pakistan sent 5,000 troops to the 1991 Gulf War as part of a US led coalition and specifically for the defence of Saudi Arabia.[17] Military tensions in the Kargil conflict[18] with India were followed by a Pakistani military coup d'état in 1999[19] in which General Pervez Musharraf assumed executive powers. In 2001, Musharraf named himself President after the forced resignation of Rafiq Tarar. After the 2002 parliamentary elections, Musharraf transferred executive powers to newly elected Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali, who was succeeded in the 2004 Prime-Ministerial election by Shaukat Aziz, followed by a temporary period in office by Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain.
Government and politics
)
Parliament house in Islamabad
)
Prime Minister's Secretariat in Islamabad
In the October 2002 general elections, the Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q) won a plurality of National Assembly seats with the second-largest group being the Pakistan People's Party Parliamentarians (PPPP), a sub-party of the PPP. Zafarullah Khan Jamali of PML-Q emerged as Prime Minister but resigned on 26 June 2004 and was replaced by PML-Q leader Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain as interim Prime Minister. On 28 August, 2004 the National Assembly voted 191 to 151 to elect the Finance Minister and former Citibank Vice President Shaukat Aziz as Prime Minister. Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal, a coalition of Islamic religious parties, won elections in North-West Frontier Province, and increased their representation in the National Assembly.
)
US President George W. Bush and President Musharraf in late 2006.
)
Supreme Court of Pakistan
Pakistan also faces instability in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, where some tribal leaders support the Taliban. Pakistan has had to deploy the army in these regions to suppress the local unrest, in Waziristan. The Waziristan conflict ended with a recently declared peace agreement between the tribal leaders and the Pakistani government that is expected to bring back stability to the region.[24]
Additionally, the country has long faced instability in its largest province, Balochistan. The army was deployed to fight a serious insurgency within the province from 1973–76. Social stability resumed after Rahimuddin Khan was appointed martial law administrator beginning in 1977. After relative peace throughout the 1980s and 1990s, some influential Baloch tribal leaders restarted a separatist movement after Pervez Musharraf took over in 1999. In a recent incident Nawab Akbar Bugti, the leader of the Baloch insurgency, was killed in August 2006 by Pakistani military forces.
Administrative divisions
)
Provinces and territories of Pakistan
In 2001 the federal government abolished the administrative entities called "Divisions", which used to be the third tier of government. The entities called "Districts", which used to be the fourth tier, became the new third tier. The provinces and the capital territory are subdivided into a total of 107 districts which contain numerous tehsils and local governments. The tribal areas comprise seven tribal agencies and six small frontier regions detached from neighbouring districts whilst Azad Kashmir comprises seven districts and Northern Areas comprises six districts.
)
Disputed Region of Kashmir
Provinces:
- * Balochistan and NWFP also have Provincially Administered Tribal Areas[26] (PATA) which are being developed into regular districts.
Territories:
Pakistani-administered portions of Kashmir:
- Azad Kashmir<ref name="Kashmir status" />
- Northern Areas<ref name="Kashmir status" />
Geography and climate
)
K2, at 8,611 metres (28,251 ft), is the 2nd highest peak in the world.
The different types of natural features range from the sandy beaches, lagoons, and mangrove swamps of the southern coast to preserved beautiful moist temperate forests and the icy peaks of the Himalaya, Karakoram and Hindu Kush mountains in the north. There are an estimated 108 peaks above 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) high that are covered in snow and glaciers. Five of the mountains in Pakistan (including Nanga Parbat) are over 8,000 metres (26,000 ft). Indian-controlled Kashmir to the Northern Areas of Pakistan and running the length of the country is the Indus River with its many tributaries. The northern parts of Pakistan attract a large number of foreign tourists. To the west of the Indus are the dry, hilly deserts of Balochistan; to the east are the rolling sand dunes of the Thar Desert. The Tharparkar desert in the southern province of Sindh, is the only fertile desert in the world. Most areas of Punjab and parts of Sindh are fertile plains where agriculture is of great importance.
The climate varies as much as the scenery, with cold winters and hot summers in the north and a mild climate in the south, moderated by the influence of the ocean. The central parts have extremely hot summers with temperatures rising to 45 °C (113 °F), followed by very cold winters, often falling below freezing. Officially the highest temperature recorded in Pakistan is 52.8 °C at Jacobabad. There is very little rainfall ranging from less than 250 millimetres to more than 1,250 millimetres (9.8–49.2 in), mostly brought by the unreliable south-westerly monsoon winds during the late summer. The construction of dams on the rivers and the drilling of water wells in many drier areas have eased water shortages.
Flora and fauna
)
The Hunza valley in northern Pakistan. — Agricultural and scenic
In the south, there are crocodiles in the murky waters at the mouth of the Indus River whilst on the banks of the river, there are boars, deer, porcupines, and small rodents. In the sandy scrublands of central Pakistan are found jackals, hyenas, wild cats, panthers, and leopards while the clear blue skies abound with hawks, falcons, and eagles. In the southwestern deserts are rare Asiatic cheetahs. In the northern mountains are a variety of endangered animals including Marco Polo sheep, Urial sheep, Markhor and Ibex goats, black and brown Himalayan bears, and the rare Snow Leopard. During August 2006, Pakistan donated an orphaned snow leopard cub called Leo to USA.[29] Another rare species is the blind Indus River Dolphin of which there are believed to be about 1,000 remaining, protected in two major sanctuaries. In recent years the number of wild animals being killed for fur and leather trading led to a new law banning the hunting of wild animals and birds and the establishment of several wildlife sanctuaries and game reserves.[30]
Economy
)
Karachi - the financial capital and the largest city of Pakistan
The growth of non-agricultural sectors has changed the structure of the economy, and agriculture now only accounts for roughly 20% of the GDP. The service sector accounts for 53% of the country's GDP with wholesale and retail trade forming 30% of this sector. In recent times, the Karachi Stock Exchange has soared, along with most of the world's emerging markets. Large amounts of foreign investments have been made into several industries. The top industries in Pakistan are telecom, software, automotives, textiles, cement, fertilizer, steel, ship building, and more recently, aerospace.
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Faizabad interchange: Gateway to the capital Islamabad.
In November of 2006 China and Pakistan signed a Free Trade Agreement hoping to triple bilateral trade from $4.2 billion (USD) to $15 billion (USD) within the next five years;[40] Pakistan's annual exports in 2005 amounted to $15 billion (USD),[41] and is poised to cross $18 billion (USD) in 2006 and $20 billion (USD) in 2007.[42] Pakistan is also home to a thriving arms industry which exports $200 million (USD) annually, mostly defence equipment and arms to countries in the Middle East and South Asia, and its defence officials are hopeful that these exports will surpass $500 million (USD) a year within the next five years.
In keeping with its rapid economic development in recent years, Pakistan registered an economic growth rate of 7 percent in the financial year 2006–07, the fourth consecutive year of seven percent growth.[43][44] In its June 2006 Economic Survey global finance giant Morgan Stanley listed Pakistan on its list of major emerging markets in the world economy, placing it on a list of 25 countries displaying continued moderate to strong growth over a sustained period of time.[45] The report noted "its economy has been growing quickly in recent periods and corporate direct investors have taken notice".[46] Concurrently, highlighting the strides made on the economic front in recent times, Moody's Investors Service in December 2006 upgraded Pakistan's credit rating from B2 to B1, noting a "positive outlook".[47]
In late March 2007, the Asian Development Bank "Outlook 2007" report predicted that strong growth would continue in 2007 and 2008 with growth rates of 6.5 to 7 percent, with manufacturing, exports and consumer expenditure leading the way.[48] Further progress was highlighted by news that the FDI for FY 2006/7 would touch $7 billion, eclipsing the targeted $4 billion. Telecoms, real estate and energy are major industries for FDI.[49][50]
Demographics
)
Major Ethnic Groups in Pakistan, 1973
The major ethnic groups are - Punjabis (44.68)% of the population, Pashtuns (15.42%), Sindhis (14.1%), Seraikis (10.53%), Muhajirs (7.57%), Balochis (3.57%) and others (4.66%). As of 2007, about 2.5 million registered Afghan refugees — approximately 81.5% being ethnic Pashtuns — remain in Pakistan as a result of the wars in Afghanistan.[55]
Primary mother tongue language usage largely corresponds to ethnic groups. Despite being a native language of a relatively small minority, Urdu is the national language and lingua franca of Pakistan, while English is the official language, used in the Constitution and widely used by corporate businesses, the educated urban elite, and most universities. Punjabi is spoken by over 60 million people, but has no official recognition in the country.[56]
The demographics of religion in Pakistan were significantly influenced in 1947 by the movement of Muslims to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs to India. Census data[57] indicates that 96% of the population are Muslims, (nearly 77% are Sunni Muslims and 20% are Shi'a Muslims according to CIA estimates[1]). Minority religions include Hinduism (1.85%), Christianity (1.6%), as well as much smaller numbers of Sikhs, Parsis, Ahmadis, Buddhists,Jews, and Animists (mainly the Kalasha of Chitral). Pakistan is the second most populous Muslim-majority country[59] and also has one of the largest Shi'a populations of any country.
Society and culture
)
The variety of Pakistani music ranges from diverse provincial folk music and traditional styles such as Qawwali and Ghazal Gayaki to modern forms fusing traditional and western music, such as the synchronisation of Qawwali and western music by the world renowned Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. In addition Pakistan is home to many famous folk singers such as the late Alam Lohar, who is also well known in Indian Punjab. The arrival of Afghan refugees in the western provinces has rekindled Pashto and Persian music and established Peshawar as a hub for Afghan musicians and a distribution centre for Afghan music abroad.
Until the 1990s, the state-owned Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) and Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation were the dominant media outlets, but there are now numerous private television channels. Various American, European, and Asian television channels and movies are available to the majority of the Pakistani population via private Television Networks, cable, and satellite television. There are also small indigenous movie industries based in Lahore and Peshawar (often referred to as Lollywood). Although Bollywood movies are banned from being displayed in public cinemas since 1965,[60] Indian film stars are still generally popular in Pakistan due to the fact that Pakistanis are easily able to buy Bollywood movies from local shops for private home viewing.
Pakistani society is largely multilingual and predominantly Muslim, with high regard for traditional family values, although urban families have grown into a nuclear family system due to the socio-economic constraints imposed by the traditional joint family system. Recent decades have seen the emergence of a middle class in cities like Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Faisalabad, and Peshawar that wish to move in a more liberal direction,[61] as opposed to the northwestern regions bordering Afghanistan that remain highly conservative and dominated by centuries-old regional tribal customs. Increasing globalization has increased the influence of "Western culture" with Pakistan ranking 46th on the Kearney/FP Globalization Index.[62] There are an approximated four million Pakistanis living abroad,[63] with close to a half-million expatriates living in the United States[64] and around a million living in Saudi Arabia.[65] As well as nearly one million people of Pakistani descent in the United Kingdom, there are burgeoning cultural connections.[66]
Tourism
)
Holidays
)
Several important festivals are celebrated by Pakistani Muslims during the year, dependent on the Islamic calendar. Ramadan, the ninth month of the calendar, is characterised by daytime fasting for 29 or 30 days and is followed by the festival of Eid ul-Fitr. In a second festival, Eid ul-Adha, an animal is sacrificed in remembrance of the actions of Prophet Abraham (Arabic: Ibrahim) and the meat is shared with friends, family, and the less fortunate. Both Eid festivals are public holidays, serving as opportunities for people to visit family and friends, and for children to receive new clothes, presents, and sweets. Muslims celebrate Eid-e-Milad-un-Nabi, the birthday of the prophet Muhammad, in the third month of the calendar (Rabi' al-Awwal. Muslims mark the Day of Ashurah on the 9th and 10th days of the first month (Muharram to commemorate the martyrdom of Husayn bin Ali, (the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad).
Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs, and Christians in Pakistan also celebrate their own festivals and holidays. Sikhs come from across the world to visit several holy sites in Punjab, including the shrine of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, at Hassan Abdal in the Attock District, and his birthplace, at Nankana Sahib. There are also several regional and local festivals, such as the Punjabi festival of Basant, which marks the start of spring and is celebrated by kite flying.
Sports
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Gaddafi Stadium, one of the largest cricket stadiums in the world
At an international level, Pakistan has competed many times at the Summer Olympics in field hockey, boxing, athletics, swimming, and shooting. Pakistan's medal tally remains at 10 medals (3 gold, 3 silver and 4 bronze) while at the Commonwealth games and Asian Games it stands at 61 medals and 182 medals respectively. Hockey is the sport in which Pakistan has been most successful at the Olympics, with three gold medals in (1960, 1968, and 1984). Pakistan has also won the Hockey World Cup a record four times (1971, 1978, 1982, 1994).[69] Pakistan has also hosted several international competitions, including the SAF Games in 1989 and 2004.
See also
Pakistan |
|---|
| Cinema • Climate • Cuisine • Culture • Demographics • Economy • Education • Entertainment • Flag • Foreign relations • Geography • Government • History • Holidays • Languages • Military • Music • Politics • Religion • Sports • Transport |
References
Footnotes
1. ^ Estimate of Pakistan Economic Survey of 2006–2007, prepared by the Ministry of Finance
2. ^ The Kashmir region is claimed by India and Pakistan. Both countries and China separately administer parts of the region with the Indian and Pakistani-held areas defined by the Line of Control. The Pakistani-Chinese border is not recognized by India. India refers to Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas as Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (POK)
3. ^ Text of the Now or Never pamphlet, issued on January 28], 1933]
4. ^ Wolpert, Stanley. 1984. Jinnah of Pakistan. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 421 pages. ISBN 0195678591.
5. ^ Minnesota State University page on Mohenjo-Daro
6. ^ Livius.org on the extent of the Achaemenid Empire
7. ^ Plutarch's Life of Alexander
8. ^ Infinity Foundation's translation of the Chach-Nama
9. ^ History in Chronological Order. Government of Pakistan.
10. ^ Library of Congress study of Pakistan
11. ^ Sir Muhammad Iqbal's 1930 Presidential Address (HTML). Speeches, Writings, and Statements of Iqbal. Retrieved on 2006-12-19.
12. ^ Jang.com page on the Lahore Resolution
13. ^ Estimates for the 1947 death toll
14. ^ "Community participation in disaster management can reduce the losses"
15. ^ 1971 war summary by BBC website
16. ^ US Country Studies article on the Bangladesh War
17. ^ The 1991 Gulf war
18. ^ Kargil conflict timeline on the BBC website
19. ^ Daily Telegraph (UK) article on the 1999 coup
20. ^ President Musharraf on Enlightened Moderation
21. ^ Pakistan: The Most Allied Ally in Asia
22. ^ "Pakistan's $4.2 Billion 'Blank Check' for U.S. Military Aid, After 9/11, funding to country soars with little oversight", Center for Public Integrity, March 27 2007. (English)2007&rft.language=English%20language%7CEnglish">
23. ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia Historica, India's Nuclear Test Maclean's Magazine, William Lowther, Nomi Morris, and Sankarshan Thakur, 25 May 1998
24. ^ 'Taliban' gain sway in tribal region. Daily Times. 31 December 2005.
25. ^ The Constitutional basis of the Federation of Pakistan
26. ^ Constitutional article 246(b) on the Provincially Administered Tribal Areas
27. ^ [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html The area of Pakistan proper excludes the regions administered in Kashmir] URL accessed on November 03, 2006
28. ^ [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html CIA World Factbook] URL accessed on March 20, 2006
29. ^ Leo the snow leopard is US-bound
30. ^ Wildlife Sanctuaries of Pakistan
31. ^ Pakistan Studies; Economy (HTML). American Institute of Pakistan Studies. Retrieved on 2006-11-20.
32. ^ Report for Selected Countries and Subjects (PPP) (HTML). International Monetary Fund. Retrieved on 2006-11-20.
33. ^ Report for Selected Countries and Subjects (PCI) (HTML). International Monetary Fund. Retrieved on 2006-11-20.
34. ^ [1]
35. ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html#People
36. ^ Concluding Remarks at the Pakistan Development Forum 2006 by John Wall, World Bank Country Director for Pakistan (html). World Bank. Retrieved on 2006-12-20.
37. ^ Country-by-Country Growth and Forecasts (HTML). Asian Development Bank. Retrieved on 2006-11-20.
38. ^ VIEW: Is GDP growth sustainable? — Akmal Hussain (HTML). Daily Times Newspaper. Retrieved on 2006-11-20.
39. ^ Water Strategy - 2020 URL Accessed 20 November 2006
40. ^ Experts: Enhance economic links
41. ^ [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2078rank.html CIA Factbook]
42. ^ Pakistan hopes to achieve $18 bln exports this year
43. ^ 7% growth achieved in FY 05–06
44. ^ [2]
45. ^ [3]
46. ^ [4]
47. ^ [5]
48. ^ [6]
49. ^ [7]
50. ^ [8]
51. ^ U.S. Census Bureau. Pakistan IDB Country Summary. International Data Base. Retrieved on 2007-09-30.
52. ^ Feeney and Alam, 2003
53. ^ Population Reference Bureau's 2005 World Data Sheet
54. ^ International Data Base U.S. Census Bureau. URL accessed on 17 October 2006.
55. ^ Pajhwok Afghan News, Trilateral agreement on refugee repatriation extended
56. ^ Ethnologue Western Punjabi
57. ^ Census results for religions of Pakistan
58. ^ [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html Estimate from CIA World Factbook]
59. ^ Robert Ayres, Turning Point: The End of the Growth Paradigm, James & James/Earthscan, 1998, pp. 63. ISBN 1853834394
60. ^ Pakistan to show Bollywood film Pakistan banned Indian movies following the 1965 war
61. ^ Beinart, Peter. [https://ssl.tnr.com/p/docsub.mhtml?i=20020701&s=trb070102 "Understate". The New Republic Online. July 01, 2002.]
62. ^ Kearney Foreign Policy Globalization Index
63. ^ Aslam, S.M., Expatriates to Build Better Pakistan, Pakistan & Gulf Economist, 11–17 December 2000, URL accessed March 17, 2006
64. ^ Ahmed, Faish. "U.S. Rules Give Pakistan a Windfall". Wall Street Journal. New York, New York. October 22, 2003. Page A18.
65. ^ Hussain, Shaiq. Musharraf to focus on Palestine in Saudia visit from today. The Nation. June 25, 2005. URL accessed March 17, 2006
66. ^ Howells, Kim. Kim Howells arrives in Pakistan. Foreign and Commonwealth Office (National). September 6, 2006. URL accessed October 22, 2006
67. ^ PTDC page on mountaineering
68. ^ Events taking place during 2007, Press released by Tourism of Pakistan
69. ^ Bharatiya Hockey
70. ^ [https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/uz.html#People CIA - The World Factbook - Uzbekistan]
71. ^ D. Carlson, "Uzbekistan: Ethnic Composition and Discriminations", Harvard University, August 2003
2. ^ The Kashmir region is claimed by India and Pakistan. Both countries and China separately administer parts of the region with the Indian and Pakistani-held areas defined by the Line of Control. The Pakistani-Chinese border is not recognized by India. India refers to Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas as Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (POK)
3. ^ Text of the Now or Never pamphlet, issued on January 28], 1933]
4. ^ Wolpert, Stanley. 1984. Jinnah of Pakistan. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 421 pages. ISBN 0195678591.
5. ^ Minnesota State University page on Mohenjo-Daro
6. ^ Livius.org on the extent of the Achaemenid Empire
7. ^ Plutarch's Life of Alexander
8. ^ Infinity Foundation's translation of the Chach-Nama
9. ^ History in Chronological Order. Government of Pakistan.
10. ^ Library of Congress study of Pakistan
11. ^ Sir Muhammad Iqbal's 1930 Presidential Address (HTML). Speeches, Writings, and Statements of Iqbal. Retrieved on 2006-12-19.
12. ^ Jang.com page on the Lahore Resolution
13. ^ Estimates for the 1947 death toll
14. ^ "Community participation in disaster management can reduce the losses"
15. ^ 1971 war summary by BBC website
16. ^ US Country Studies article on the Bangladesh War
17. ^ The 1991 Gulf war
18. ^ Kargil conflict timeline on the BBC website
19. ^ Daily Telegraph (UK) article on the 1999 coup
20. ^ President Musharraf on Enlightened Moderation
21. ^ Pakistan: The Most Allied Ally in Asia
22. ^ "Pakistan's $4.2 Billion 'Blank Check' for U.S. Military Aid, After 9/11, funding to country soars with little oversight", Center for Public Integrity, March 27 2007. (English)2007&rft.language=English%20language%7CEnglish">
23. ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia Historica, India's Nuclear Test Maclean's Magazine, William Lowther, Nomi Morris, and Sankarshan Thakur, 25 May 1998
24. ^ 'Taliban' gain sway in tribal region. Daily Times. 31 December 2005.
25. ^ The Constitutional basis of the Federation of Pakistan
26. ^ Constitutional article 246(b) on the Provincially Administered Tribal Areas
27. ^ [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html The area of Pakistan proper excludes the regions administered in Kashmir] URL accessed on November 03, 2006
28. ^ [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html CIA World Factbook] URL accessed on March 20, 2006
29. ^ Leo the snow leopard is US-bound
30. ^ Wildlife Sanctuaries of Pakistan
31. ^ Pakistan Studies; Economy (HTML). American Institute of Pakistan Studies. Retrieved on 2006-11-20.
32. ^ Report for Selected Countries and Subjects (PPP) (HTML). International Monetary Fund. Retrieved on 2006-11-20.
33. ^ Report for Selected Countries and Subjects (PCI) (HTML). International Monetary Fund. Retrieved on 2006-11-20.
34. ^ [1]
35. ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html#People
36. ^ Concluding Remarks at the Pakistan Development Forum 2006 by John Wall, World Bank Country Director for Pakistan (html). World Bank. Retrieved on 2006-12-20.
37. ^ Country-by-Country Growth and Forecasts (HTML). Asian Development Bank. Retrieved on 2006-11-20.
38. ^ VIEW: Is GDP growth sustainable? — Akmal Hussain (HTML). Daily Times Newspaper. Retrieved on 2006-11-20.
39. ^ Water Strategy - 2020 URL Accessed 20 November 2006
40. ^ Experts: Enhance economic links
41. ^ [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2078rank.html CIA Factbook]
42. ^ Pakistan hopes to achieve $18 bln exports this year
43. ^ 7% growth achieved in FY 05–06
44. ^ [2]
45. ^ [3]
46. ^ [4]
47. ^ [5]
48. ^ [6]
49. ^ [7]
50. ^ [8]
51. ^ U.S. Census Bureau. Pakistan IDB Country Summary. International Data Base. Retrieved on 2007-09-30.
52. ^ Feeney and Alam, 2003
53. ^ Population Reference Bureau's 2005 World Data Sheet
54. ^ International Data Base U.S. Census Bureau. URL accessed on 17 October 2006.
55. ^ Pajhwok Afghan News, Trilateral agreement on refugee repatriation extended
56. ^ Ethnologue Western Punjabi
57. ^ Census results for religions of Pakistan
58. ^ [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html Estimate from CIA World Factbook]
59. ^ Robert Ayres, Turning Point: The End of the Growth Paradigm, James & James/Earthscan, 1998, pp. 63. ISBN 1853834394
60. ^ Pakistan to show Bollywood film Pakistan banned Indian movies following the 1965 war
61. ^ Beinart, Peter. [https://ssl.tnr.com/p/docsub.mhtml?i=20020701&s=trb070102 "Understate". The New Republic Online. July 01, 2002.]
62. ^ Kearney Foreign Policy Globalization Index
63. ^ Aslam, S.M., Expatriates to Build Better Pakistan, Pakistan & Gulf Economist, 11–17 December 2000, URL accessed March 17, 2006
64. ^ Ahmed, Faish. "U.S. Rules Give Pakistan a Windfall". Wall Street Journal. New York, New York. October 22, 2003. Page A18.
65. ^ Hussain, Shaiq. Musharraf to focus on Palestine in Saudia visit from today. The Nation. June 25, 2005. URL accessed March 17, 2006
66. ^ Howells, Kim. Kim Howells arrives in Pakistan. Foreign and Commonwealth Office (National). September 6, 2006. URL accessed October 22, 2006
67. ^ PTDC page on mountaineering
68. ^ Events taking place during 2007, Press released by Tourism of Pakistan
69. ^ Bharatiya Hockey
70. ^ [https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/uz.html#People CIA - The World Factbook - Uzbekistan]
71. ^ D. Carlson, "Uzbekistan: Ethnic Composition and Discriminations", Harvard University, August 2003
Further reading
- Cohen, Stephen P. The Idea of Pakistan. The Brookings Institution. November 2004. ISBN 0-8157-1502-1.
- Banuazizi, Ali and Weiner, Myron. The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan. Syracuse University Press. August 1988. ISBN 0-8156-2448-4.
- Halliday, Fred. State and Ideology in the Middle East and Pakistan. Monthly Review Pr. February 1998. ISBN 0-85345-734-4.
- Hammond Incorporated. Hammond Greater Middle East Region: Including Afghanistan, Pakistan, Libya, and Turkey. American Map Corporation. August 2002. ISBN 0-8437-1827-7.
- Hilton, Isabel. "Letter from Pakistan: The Pashtun Code". The New Yorker. December 03, 2001. http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/?011203fa_FACT1
- Insight Guides, Halliday, Tony and Ikram, Tahir. Insight Guide Pakistan. Apa Productions. January 1998. ISBN 0-88729-736-6.
- Malik, Hafeez. Pakistan: Founders' Aspirations and Today's Realities. Oxford University Press, USA. May 2001. ISBN 0-19-579333-1.
- Malik, Iftikhar H. "Religious Minorities in Pakistan". Minority Rights Group International. September 2002. ISBN 1-897693-69-9. http://www.minorityrights.org/admin/Download/Pdf/MRGPakistanReport.pdf
- Najim, Adil. "Pakistan and Democracy". The News International Pakistan. May 06, 2004. http://fletcher.tufts.edu/news/2004/05/najam1.shtml
- Rooney, John. Shadows in the dark: A history of Christianity in Pakistan up to the 10th century. Christian Study Centre. January 1984. OCLC 12177250.
- Rahman, Tariq.1996. Language and Politics in Pakistan Karachi: Oxford University Press. Reprinted several times, latest repr. 2006.
- Rahman, Tariq .2002. Language, Ideology and Power: Language-learning Among the Muslims of Pakistan and North India Karachi: OUP.
- Rahman, Tariq .2004. Denizens of Alien Worlds: A Study of Education, Inequality and Polarization in Pakistan Karachi: OUP, 2006 repr.
- Sharif, Shuja. "Musharraf's Administration And Pakistan's Economy". Contemporary Review. March 31, 2005. 129–134.
- Wolpert, Stanley. Jinnah of Pakistan. Oxford University Press, USA. May 1984. ISBN 0-19-503412-0.
- Zakaria, Rafiq. The Man Who Divided India: An Insight into Jinnah's Leadership and its Aftermath
- Statehood in South Asia
- Strategic Insights, Volume III, Issue 10 (October 2004)
External links
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- Official sites
- General information
- [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html CIA world factbook on Pakistan]
- Pakistan Military
- Pakistani Aviation
- http://www.pakistannewsroom.com
- History of Pakistan and present
- Pakistani Politics
- World Bank data on Pakistan
- Common Language Project Country Fact Sheet - Pakistan
- Informative Sites
- Ibitians.com
- BeautifulPakistan.com
- UrbanPK.com
- Pakistani.pk
- Story of Pakistan
- A geographical history of Pakistan (Urdu)
- News Sites
- Political Sites
- Travel
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Countries and Territories of the Indosphere | |
|---|---|
| South Asia | Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan British Indian Ocean Territory India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Tibet |
| Southeast Asia | Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Thailand East Timor |
| Others | Baluchistan Yunan |
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Urdu
Writing system: Urdu alphabet (Nasta'liq script)
Official status
Official language of: Pakistan ;
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Writing system: Urdu alphabet (Nasta'liq script)
Official status
Official language of: Pakistan ;
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- For the Radiohead song, see "The National Anthem".
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The Qaumī Tarāna (Urdu: قومى ترانہ) is the national anthem of Pakistan. The music of the anthem was composed by Ahmed Ghulamali Chagla, with lyrics written by Abu-Al-Asar Hafeez Jullandhuri.
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capital (also called capital city or political capital — although the latter phrase has a second meaning based on an alternative sense of "capital") is the center of government.
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اسلام آباد) is the capital city of Pakistan, and is located in the Potohar Plateau in the northwest of the country. It is located within the Islamabad Capital Territory, the area has historically been a part of the crossroads of
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Punjabi dialects Lahori - "The standard Punjabi language" and spoken in the heart of Punjab where most of the Punjabi population lives. The main districts are Lahore, Sheikhupura, Gujaranwala and Sialkot.
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Karachi (Urdu: كراچى, Sindhi: ڪراچي
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An official language is a language that is given a special legal status in the countries, states, and other territories. It is typically the language used in a nation's legislative bodies, though the law in many nations requires that government documents be produced in other
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Urdu
Writing system: Urdu alphabet (Nasta'liq script)
Official status
Official language of: Pakistan ;
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Writing system: Urdu alphabet (Nasta'liq script)
Official status
Official language of: Pakistan ;
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English
Writing system: Latin (English variant)
Official status
Official language of: 53 countries
Regulated by: no official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1: en
ISO 639-2: eng
ISO 639-3: eng
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Writing system: Latin (English variant)
Official status
Official language of: 53 countries
Regulated by: no official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1: en
ISO 639-2: eng
ISO 639-3: eng
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A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a people or the inhabitants of a place. In English, the name of a people's language is often the same as this word, e.g., the "French" (language or people).
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Punjabi dialects Lahori - "The standard Punjabi language" and spoken in the heart of Punjab where most of the Punjabi population lives. The main districts are Lahore, Sheikhupura, Gujaranwala and Sialkot.
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government is a body that has the power to make and the authority to enforce rules and laws within a civil, corporate, religious, academic, or other organization or group.[1]
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republic, for all other uses see: republic (disambiguation)
List of forms of government
List of forms of government
- Anarchism
- Aristocracy
- Authoritarianism
- Autocracy
- Communist state
- Democracy
- Direct democracy
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Pakistan
This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Pakistan
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This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Pakistan
- Constitution
- Government
- President
- Pervez Musharraf
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General Pervez Musharraf (Urdu: پرويز مشرف) (born August 11 1943) is President of Pakistan and the Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army who came to power in wake of a coup d'etat.
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Pakistan
This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Pakistan
..... Read more.
This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Pakistan
- Constitution
- Government
- President
- Pervez Musharraf
..... Read more.
Pakistan
This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Pakistan
..... Read more.
This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Pakistan
- Constitution
- Government
- President
- Pervez Musharraf
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history of Pakistan — which for the period preceding the nation's founding in 1947,[1] is a part of the histories of Afghanistan, India, and Iran — traces back to the beginnings of human life in South Asia.
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Pakistan Movement or Tehrik-e-Pakistan (Urdu: تحریک پاکستان) is a name given to the Movement carried out by the Muslims of British India to create a separate homeland in fear of losing their
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Motto
"Dieu et mon droit" [2] (French)
"God and my right"
Anthem
"God Save the Queen" [3]
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"Dieu et mon droit" [2] (French)
"God and my right"
Anthem
"God Save the Queen" [3]
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The Dominion of Pakistan was a federal entity that was established as a result of Partition of India into two sovereign dominions: the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan.
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August 14 is the 1st day of the year (2nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 0 days remaining.
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Events
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19th century - 20th century - 21st century
1910s 1920s 1930s - 1940s - 1950s 1960s 1970s
1944 1945 1946 - 1947 - 1948 1949 1950
Year 1947 (MCMXLVII
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1910s 1920s 1930s - 1940s - 1950s 1960s 1970s
1944 1945 1946 - 1947 - 1948 1949 1950
Year 1947 (MCMXLVII
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An Islamic republic, in its modern context, has come to mean several different things, some contradictory to others. Theoretically, to many religious leaders, it is a state under a particular theocratic form of government advocated by some Muslim religious leaders in the Middle
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March 23 is the 1st day of the year (2nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 0 days remaining.
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Events
- 625 - Battle of Uhud takes place between Muslims and Pagans in Arabia
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19th century - 20th century - 21st century
1920s 1930s 1940s - 1950s - 1960s 1970s 1980s
1953 1954 1955 - 1956 - 1957 1958 1959
Year 1956 (MCMLVI
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1920s 1930s 1940s - 1950s - 1960s 1970s 1980s
1953 1954 1955 - 1956 - 1957 1958 1959
Year 1956 (MCMLVI
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Water is a common chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life.[1] In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or state, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor.
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