Information about Human Development Index
The Human Development Index (HDI) is the measure of life expectancy, literacy, education, and standard of living for countries worldwide. It is a standard means of measuring well-being, especially child welfare. It is used to determine and indicate whether a country is a developed, developing, or underdeveloped country and also to measure the impact of economic policies on quality of life.[1] The index was developed in 1990 by Indian Nobel prize winner Amartya Sen, Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, with help from Gustav Ranis of Yale University and Lord Meghnad Desai of the London School of Economics and has been used since then by the United Nations Development Programme in its annual Human Development Report. Described by Sen as a "vulgar measure", because of its limitations, it nonetheless focuses attention on wider aspects of development than the per capita income measure it supplanted, and is a pathway for researchers into the wide variety of more detailed measures contained in the Human Development Reports.
The HDI measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions of human development:
An alternative measure, focusing on the amount of poverty in a country, is the Human Poverty Index.
, into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used:
and 
are the lowest and highest values the variable can attain, respectively.
The Human Development Index (HDI) then represents the average of the following three general indices:
ALR: Adult literacy rate (ages 15 and older)
CGER: Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary schools
GDPpc: GDP per capita at PPP in USD
UNDP has created a technical note on the definition of the HDI (see links below).
]]
The report for 2006 was launched in Cape Town, South Africa, on November 9, 2006. Its focus was on "power, poverty and the global water crisis." [1] Most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2004 or earlier, thus indicating an HDI for 2004. Not all UN member states choose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics.
The report showed a stagnation in world HDI, as the continued improvement of developed countries was offset by a general decline of the developing world. Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia showed an important decline in HDI, in comparison with last year's report. Other developing regions showed little to no improvement.
A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent low development. 29 of the 31 countries in that category are located in Africa, with the exceptions of Haiti and Yemen. The bottom ten countries are all in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Equatorial Guinea and South Africa, are ranked 120th and 121st, respectively (with a shared HDI of 0.653).
A HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent high development. This includes all developed countries, such as those in North America, Western Europe, Oceania, and Eastern Asia, as well as some developing countries in Eastern Europe, Central and South America, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and the oil-rich Arabian Peninsula.
On the following table, green arrows (
) represent an increase in ranking over the previous study, while red arrows (
) represent a decrease in ranking. They are followed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes (
) represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study.
In economics and finance, an index is a single number calculated from an array of prices or of quantities.
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The HDI measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions of human development:
- A long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth.
- Knowledge, as measured by the adult literacy rate (with two-thirds weighting) and the combined primary, secondary, and tertiary gross enrollment ratio (with one-third weighting).
- A decent standard of living, as measured by the log of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) in USD.
An alternative measure, focusing on the amount of poverty in a country, is the Human Poverty Index.
Methodology
In general to transform a raw variable, say, into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used:
- -index =
and are the lowest and highest values the variable can attain, respectively.
The Human Development Index (HDI) then represents the average of the following three general indices:
- Life Expectancy Index =
- Education Index =
- Adult Literacy Index (ALI) =
- Gross Enrolment Index (GEI) =
- GDP Index =
ALR: Adult literacy rate (ages 15 and older)
CGER: Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary schools
GDPpc: GDP per capita at PPP in USD
UNDP has created a technical note on the definition of the HDI (see links below).
Examples
| Index | Measure | Minimum value | Maximum value | Formula |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Longevity | Life expectancy at birth (LE) | 25 yrs | 85 yrs |  |
| Education | Literacy rate (LR) | 0% | 100% |  |
| Combined gross enrolment ratio (CGER) | 0% | 100% | ||
| GDP | GDP per capita (PPP) | 100 USD | 40,000 USD |  |
2006 report
| 0.950 and over 0.900–0.949 0.850–0.899 0.800–0.849 0.750–0.799 0.700–0.749 | 0.650–0.699 0.600–0.649 0.550–0.599 0.500–0.549 0.450–0.499 0.400–0.449 | 0.350–0.399 0.300–0.349 under 0.300 N/A |
The report showed a stagnation in world HDI, as the continued improvement of developed countries was offset by a general decline of the developing world. Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia showed an important decline in HDI, in comparison with last year's report. Other developing regions showed little to no improvement.
A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent low development. 29 of the 31 countries in that category are located in Africa, with the exceptions of Haiti and Yemen. The bottom ten countries are all in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Equatorial Guinea and South Africa, are ranked 120th and 121st, respectively (with a shared HDI of 0.653).
A HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent high development. This includes all developed countries, such as those in North America, Western Europe, Oceania, and Eastern Asia, as well as some developing countries in Eastern Europe, Central and South America, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and the oil-rich Arabian Peninsula.
On the following table, green arrows (
){kind=icon}
) represent an increase in ranking over the previous study, while red arrows (){kind=icon}
) represent a decrease in ranking. They are followed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes (){kind=small}
) represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study.
Top thirty countries (HDI range from 0.965 down to 0.885)
|
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Top/bottom three countries by region
| Africa 047. 0.842 ( 4)063. 0.800 ( 2)064. 0.798 ( 6)... 175. Mali 0.338 ( 1)176. Sierra Leone 0.335 ( )177. 0.311 ( ) | Asia 007. ){kind=small} Japan 0.949 ( 4)022. ){kind=small} Hong Kong SAR 0.927 ()023. Israel 0.927 ( )... 138. 0.527 ( 2)142. ){kind=small} Timor-Leste 0.512 ( 2)150. Yemen 0.492 ( 1) | Europe 001. ){kind=small} Norway 0.965 ()002. ){kind=small} Iceland 0.960 ()004. ){kind=small} Ireland 0.956 ( 4)... 097. ){kind=small} Georgia 0.743 ( 3)099. ){kind=small} Azerbaijan 0.736 ( 2)114. ){kind=small} Moldova 0.694 ( 1) |
| North/Central America 006. ){kind=small} Canada 0.950 ( 1)008. ){kind=small} United States 0.948 ( 2)031. 0.879 ( 1)... 117. 0.683 ( 1)118. 0.673 ( 1)154. 0.482 ( 1) | Oceania 003. ){kind=small} Australia 0.957 ()020. New Zealand 0.936 ( 1)055. 0.815 ( 1)... 119. 0.670 ( 1)128. 0.592 ( )139. ){kind=small} Papua New Guinea 0.523 ( 2) | South America 036. Argentina 0.863 ( )038. 0.859 ( 1)043. Uruguay 0.851 ( 3)... 091. 0.757 ( 3)103. Guyana 0.725 ( 4)115. ){kind=small} Bolivia 0.692 ( 2) |
Countries not included
The following countries or territories are not ranked in the 2006 Human Development Index, for being unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data, or for not being recognized as states by the United Nations at the time of publication.|
Africa |
Americas |
Asia
|
Europe |
Oceania |
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Past top countries
The number one ranked country in each year of the index. Canada is the highest ranking country, staying at the top ten times, and is followed by Norway, which stayed at the top six times.References
1. ^ Davies, A. and G. Quinlivan (2006), A Panel Data Analysis of the Impact of Trade on Human Development, Journal of Socioeconomics
2. ^ Speech by Prime Minister Jean Chrétien to the National Forum.
3. ^ See list of countries by HDI.
4. ^ See list of countries by HDI.
2. ^ Speech by Prime Minister Jean Chrétien to the National Forum.
3. ^ See list of countries by HDI.
4. ^ See list of countries by HDI.
See also
- Freedom House
- Gini coefficient
- Gender-related Development Index
- Gender Empowerment Measure
- Living Planet Index
- Gross national happiness
- Happy Planet Index
- Physical quality-of-life index
- Visa Waiver Program
External links
- Human Development Report Office
- 2006 UN Human Development Index ReportPDF (7.88 MiB)
- 2005 UN Human Development Index ReportPDF (1.31 MiB)
- Technical note explaining the definition of the HDIPDF (598 KiB)
- List of countries by HDI at NationMaster.com
- Human Development Map
Sustainability and Energy development | |
|---|---|
| Future | 2000 Watt society Hubbert peak Peak oil |
| Transportation | Air car Alternative fuel Alternative propulsion Battery electric vehicle Bicycle Bioalcohol Biodiesel Bioethanol Biogas Biomass to liquid Bus rapid transit Ecodriving Electric power-assist system Electric vehicle Hybrid electric vehicle Hydrogen station Hydrogen vehicle Low-energy vehicle Plug-in hybrid Production battery electric vehicle Public transport Pyrolysis Trolleybus TWIKE utility cycling Vegetable oil used as fuel |
| Energy Conversion |
Electricity generation Distributed generation Microgeneration Sustainable community energy system Environmental concerns with electricity generation Biological energy Anaerobic digestion Biomass Mechanical biological treatment Chemical energy Blue energy Fuel cell Hydrogen production Geothermal power Deep lake water cooling Earth cooling tubes Hydroelectricity Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity Tidal power Water turbine Wave power Nuclear power Inertial fusion power plant Fusion Nuclear reactor Radioisotope thermoelectric generator Solar power Active solar Barra system Central solar heating plant Energy tower Ocean Thermal Passive solar Passive solar building design Photovoltaics Photovoltaic module Solar cell Solar combisystem Solar hot water panel Solar pond Solar power satellite Solar power tower Solar roof Solar shingles Solar thermal collector Solar thermal energy Solar tracker Solar updraft tower Trombe wall Waste-to-energy Wind power Wind farm Wind turbine Storage Flywheel energy storage Grid energy storage Hydrogen storage Seasonal thermal store Thermal energy storage |
| Sustainability |
Ecological footprint Ecosystem services Ecovillage Energy conservation Energy Demand Management Green map Human Development Index Infrastructural capital Permaculture Renewable energy Self-sufficiency Simple living Sustainable development Sustainable living The Natural Step TPE Value of Earth World energy resources and consumption Zones (Permaculture) Appropriate technology Air engine Autonomous building Cob (building) Composting toilet Cool roof Earth sheltering Energy-efficient landscaping Green roof Hypermodernity Low energy building Passive house Rammed earth Sheet composting Solar chimney Straw-bale construction Superinsulation Technological singularity Windcatcher Sustainable agriculture Food security Forest gardening Humanure List of companion plants List of repellent plants Seed ball Vermicompost Zero energy building Sustainable design Environmental design Sustainable architecture Sustainable landscape architecture Sustainable econonomics Development economics Green economics Green Gross Domestic Product Hydrogen economy Liquid nitrogen economy Low-carbon economy Triple bottom line Sustainable industries Agroforestry Ecoforestry Exploitation of natural resources Green building Green chemistry Green computing Industrial Ecology Natural building Sustainable energy Sustainable forest management Sustainable procurement Sustainable transport Sustainable waste Living machines Mycoremediation |
| Management | Commission on Sustainable Development Human development theory Intermediate Technology Development Group Maldevelopment Precautionary principle Rio Declaration on Environment and Development Rocky Mountain Institute Sim Van der Ryn Underdevelopment World Business Council for Sustainable Development World Summit on Sustainable Development |
Homo.
Upper Paleolithic 33 At age 15: 39 (to age 54)[3][4]
Neolithic 20
Bronze Age 18[5]
Classical Greece 25-45
Classical Rome 25-45
Medieval Britain 20-30
..... Read more.
Upper Paleolithic 33 At age 15: 39 (to age 54)[3][4]
Neolithic 20
Bronze Age 18[5]
Classical Greece 25-45
Classical Rome 25-45
Medieval Britain 20-30
..... Read more.
literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write, or the ability to use language to read, write, listen, and speak. In modern contexts, the word refers to reading and writing at a level adequate for communication, or at a level that lets one understand and communicate
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Education encompasses teaching and learning specific skills, and also something less tangible but more profound: the imparting of knowledge, positive judgment and well-developed wisdom.
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The standard of living refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people, and the way these goods and services are distributed within a population. It is generally measured by standards such as income inequality, poverty rate, real (i.e.
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Quality of Life is a 2004 drama film, telling the fictional story of two graffiti writers in the Mission District of San Francisco.
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Quality of Life is a 2004 drama film, telling the fictional story of two graffiti writers in the Mission District of San Francisco.
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Welfare economics is a branch of economics that uses microeconomic techniques to simultaneously determine allocative efficiency within an economy and the income distribution associated with it.
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developed country, or advanced country, is used to categorize countries with developed economies in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors of industry dominate.
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developing country has a relatively low standard of living, an undeveloped industrial base, and a moderate to low Human Development Index (HDI) score. In developing countries, there is low per capita income, widespread poverty, and low capital formation.
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Amartya Sen
Born November 3 1933
Santiniketan, India
Residence U.S.
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Born November 3 1933
Santiniketan, India
Residence U.S.
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Motto
اتحاد، تنظيم، يقين محکم
Ittehad, Tanzim, Yaqeen-e-Muhkam (Urdu)
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اتحاد، تنظيم، يقين محکم
Ittehad, Tanzim, Yaqeen-e-Muhkam (Urdu)
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Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Greek for oikos (house) and nomos (custom or law), hence "rules of the house(hold).
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Mahbub ul Haq (February 22, 1934 - July 16, 1998) was an influential and world renowned Pakistani economist. One of the founders of human development theory (and a personal friend of Amartya Sen, whom he met while studying at Cambridge), together with Amartya Sen he created the
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Meghnad Jagdishchandra Desai, Baron Desai (born 10 July 1940) is a British economist, writer and Labour politician.
Born in Vadodara, Desai grew up with his four siblings — two brothers and two sisters.
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United Nations Development Programme
Org type: Programme
Acronyms: UNDP
Head: Kemal Derviş
Status: Active
Established: 1965
Website: www.undp.org
Parent org: ECOSOC[1]
Wikimedia
Commons:
Portal: The
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Org type: Programme
Acronyms: UNDP
Head: Kemal Derviş
Status: Active
Established: 1965
Website: www.undp.org
Parent org: ECOSOC[1]
Wikimedia
Commons:
Portal: The
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The Human Development Report (HDR) is an annual milestone publication by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
The report was first launched in 1990. Its simple goal was to place people at the centre of the development process in terms of economic debate, policy
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The report was first launched in 1990. Its simple goal was to place people at the centre of the development process in terms of economic debate, policy
..... Read more.
Homo.
Upper Paleolithic 33 At age 15: 39 (to age 54)[3][4]
Neolithic 20
Bronze Age 18[5]
Classical Greece 25-45
Classical Rome 25-45
Medieval Britain 20-30
..... Read more.
Upper Paleolithic 33 At age 15: 39 (to age 54)[3][4]
Neolithic 20
Bronze Age 18[5]
Classical Greece 25-45
Classical Rome 25-45
Medieval Britain 20-30
..... Read more.
literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write, or the ability to use language to read, write, listen, and speak. In modern contexts, the word refers to reading and writing at a level adequate for communication, or at a level that lets one understand and communicate
..... Read more.
..... Read more.
The gross enrolment ratio (GER) or gross enrolment index (GEI) is a statistical measure used in the education sector and by the UN. The GER gives a rough indication of the level of education from kindergarten to postgraduate education – known in the UK
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gross domestic product, or GDP, is one of the ways for measuring the size of its economy. The GDP of a country is defined as the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time (usually a calendar year).
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The purchasing power parity (PPP) theory was developed by Gustav Cassel in 1920. It is the method of using the long-run equilibrium exchange rate of two currencies to equalize the currencies' purchasing power.
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United States dollar
dólar estadounidense (Spanish)
dólar amerikanu (Tetum)
dólar americano
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dólar estadounidense (Spanish)
dólar amerikanu (Tetum)
dólar americano
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list of countries by Human Development Index as included in the United Nations Development Programme's Human Development Report 2006, compiled on the basis of 2004 data.
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Individual capital comprises inalienable or personal traits of persons, tied to their bodies and available only through their own free will, such as skill, creativity, enterprise, courage, capacity for moral example, non-communicable wisdom, invention or empathy, non-transferable
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The Human Poverty Index is an indication of the standard of living in a country, developed by the United Nations (UN). For highly developed countries, the UN considers that it can better reflect the extent of deprivation compared to the Human Development Index. [1] .
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variable (IPA pronunciation: [ˈvæɹiəbl]) (sometimes called a pronumeral) is a symbolic representation denoting a quantity or expression.
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- This article is about index in an economics and finance sense. For other uses, see Index.
In economics and finance, an index is a single number calculated from an array of prices or of quantities.
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formula (plural: formulae, formulæ or formulas) is a concise way of expressing information symbolically (as in a mathematical or chemical formula), or a general relationship between quantities.
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maxima and minima, known collectively as extrema, are the largest value (maximum) or smallest value (minimum), that a function takes in a point either within a given neighbourhood (local extremum) or on the function domain in its entirety (global
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The gross enrolment ratio (GER) or gross enrolment index (GEI) is a statistical measure used in the education sector and by the UN. The GER gives a rough indication of the level of education from kindergarten to postgraduate education – known in the UK
..... Read more.
..... Read more.
The purchasing power parity (PPP) theory was developed by Gustav Cassel in 1920. It is the method of using the long-run equilibrium exchange rate of two currencies to equalize the currencies' purchasing power.
..... Read more.
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