What is A. K. Fazlul Huq?

Abul Kashem Fazlul Huq
October 26 1873 – April 27 1962
Alternate name:	Sher-e-Bangla (Tiger of Bengal)
Date of birth:	October 26 1873
Place of birth:	Saturia, Bakerganj District, British India
Date of death:	April 27 1962
Place of death:	Dhaka, East Pakistan
Movement:	Khilafat movement Non-cooperation movement Peasant rights movement Bengali Language Movement
Major organizations:	Indian National Congress Muslim League Krishak Praja Party Sramik-Krishak Dal

Sher-e-Bangla (Urdu phrase meaning 'The Tiger of Bengal') Abul Kashem Fazlul Huq (Bengali: আবুল কাশেম ফজলুল হক) (26 October, 1873—27 April, 1962) was a well-known Bengali statesman in the first half of the 20th century. He held different political posts including those of the Mayor of Calcutta (1935), Chief Minister of undivided Bengal (1937-1943) and East Bengal (1954), Home Minister of Pakistan (1955) and Governor of East Pakistan (1956-58).

Early life

Huq was born to Kazi Muhammad Wajed, from Chakhar, and his wife Saidunnissa Khatun, in his mother's town of Saturia in Jhalakathi district (present day Bangladesh). He passed the Entrance examination in 1890 and the FA Examination in 1892. He then obtained a BA degree (with triple Honours in Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics) from Presidency College and an MA on Mathematics from Calcutta University . His formal education was completed with a BL degree in 1897 from the University Law College. He was the second Muslim in the Indian subcontinent to obtain a law degree .

After obtaining the BL degree Fazlul Huq started legal practice as an apprentice under Ashutosh Mukherjee. After the death of his father Huq started legal practice in Barisal town. In 1906 Huq entered government service as a Deputy Magistrate. He took an active part in founding the All India Muslim League at Dhaka on December 30, 1906. Subsequently he resigned from public service and joined the Calcutta High Court for legal practice .

Political career in British India

Fazlul Huq got initiation in politics in the hands of Sir Khwaja Salimullah and Syed Nawab Ali Chowdhury. With their assistance he entered the Bengal Legislative Council in 1913 as an elected member from the Dhaka (Dacca) Division. For 1913-1916 Huq served as the Secretary of the Bengal Provincial Muslim League and Joint Secretary of the All India Muslim League. Then he served as the President of the All India Muslim League from 1916 to 1921. He played an instrumental role in formulating the Lucknow Pact of 1916 between the Congress and the Muslim League. In 1917 Huq became Joint Secretary of the Indian National Congress and in 1918-1919 he served this organisation as its General Secretary.

In 1919 Fazlul Huq joined the Khilafat movement. But he had a difference of opinion about non-cooperation with mainstream Congress leaders. Though he supported the boycott of British goods and titles, he opposed the idea of boycotting of educational institutions, particularly considering the backward condition of the Muslim community. This difference of opinion eventually made him leave Congress .

After alienation from the Congress party, it was up to the Muslims to nominate a mayor in Calcutta. It was in 1935 that, with the Congress' support, Fazlul Huq was chosen and elected first muslim mayor of Calcutta. Prior to 1937 election, Fazlul Huq reorganized the defunct Proja-Shamiti and renamed it as Krishak Praja Party (KPP). Many contemporary politicians including Mohammad Akram Khan stood against it under the umbrella of “United Muslim Party”. But Fazlul Huq won 39 seats and they won 38 seats. Congress claimed majority with 60 seats . Later that year Sher-e-Bangla joined Muslim League and subsequently become the chairman of the Bengal headquarter of the party, Suhrawardy became the secretary . Afterwards he acted as the Chief Minister (also called Premier) of undivided Bengal between 1937 to 1943. Fazlul Huq drafted and moved the Lahore Resolution on 23 March, 1940. According to this resolution, North-eastern and Eastern parts of India happened to be formed as sovereign states . It established Muslim League's demand for a homeland for Muslims, that ultimately resulted in the nation of Pakistan . However after 1942 Huq actually opposed the Two-Nation Theory and tried to mobilise non-Muslim League Muslim leaders against Partition of India .

Sher-e-Bangla A. K. Fazlul Huq was the key national leader behind the emergence of Bengali (especially Muslim) middle class in British India. He appointed Comrade Muzaffar Ahmed and Kazi Nazrul Islam as the editor and assistant editors of the “Daily Nabojug” (The Daily New Age), a newspaper that he brought out in 1920. Under the editorship of this accomplished duo, the Daily Nabojug became the most progressive newspaper of Bangla voicing the issues and concerns of lower middle and working class people of Bengal .

Political career in East Pakistan

After the partition of India in August 1947, Huq settled in Dhaka and served as the Advocate General of East Pakistan from 1947 to 1952. He soon got involved in Bengali Language Movement. Huq was injured when the police lathi charged the demonstrating students. On 27 July 1953, Shere-e-Bangla founded the 'Sramik-Krishak Dal'. Fazlul Huq along with Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhasani and Suhrawardy formed the United Front to contest the election of 1954, in which they had a landslide victory. Rejection of West Pakistan's dominance over East Pakistan and the desire for Bengali provincial autonomy were the main ingredients of the coalition's twenty-one-point platform. After the elections AK Fazlul Huq became the chief minister of East Bengal. However, the East Pakistani election and the coalition's victory proved pyrrhic; Bengali factionalism surfaced soon after the election and the United Front fell apart. From 1954 to Ayub's assumption of power in 1958, the Krishak Sramik and the Awami League waged a ceaseless battle for control of East Pakistan's provincial government. In August 1955 Huq was invited to join the central cabinet as the Home Minister. In 1956 he became the Governor of East Pakistan and was removed from that post in 1958. At that time Huq had some bitter rivalry against Muhammad Ali Bogra and Suhrawardy and finally he decided to retire from active politics .

Criticism

Although Huq was widely respected for his personality and leadership quality, he was sometimes criticised for nepotism, though at a very limited level. His frequent change of policies has also sometimes been viewed as lack of consistency. However, Sher-e-Bangla did not consider change in policy as a change of principle. According to him policies were like umbrellas, meant to be held in different directions according to necessity .

observes Shere-e-Bangla to be conservative in temparment in his dealings with Maulana Bhasani after the break-up of the United Front.

Death

Fazlul Huq died on Friday, April 27, 1962 at 10:20 am at an age of 89 years and 6 months. His deadbody was kept at his 27 K. M. Das Lane residence at Tikatuli till 10:30 am of 28th April on a customized ice-bed. Then his Salat-al Janazah prayer was held at the Paltan Moydan. The funeral of this popular leader drew a crowd of about half a million. All educational institutions of Pakistan were declared closed on 30th April to pay tribute to him.

Sher-e-Bangla was buried in Dhaka. His tomb is situated at the southern end of the Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, to the west of the Shishu Academy .

In his historical book "Understanding the Muslim Mind" , concluded his account of Fazlul Huq with the following comment:

He who in 1943 had wanted to see Nazimuddin and Suhrawardy bite the dust now shares the same stretch of earth with them. All three are buried, side by side, in the grounds of the Dhaka High Court. For a while, the two of them were called Prime Minister of Pakistan. Fazlul Huq was not. But only he was spoken of as the Royal Bengal Tiger.

Legacy

The greatest contribution of Sher-e-Bangla for the economic emancipation of the poor peasants of Bangladesh was the formation of the Rin Salishi (Debt Review) Board, which helped numerous peasants to get their lands back from the ravenous usurers. To free the peasants from the exploitation of the usurers, he founded nearly 11,000 such boards around the country. He also introduced new laws (Bengali Shop Worker bill) to protect the poor shop (retail) workers ensuring better employment conditions and holiday pay .

Sher-e-Bangla founded several educational and technical institutions for the Bengali Muslims, including: Kolkata Islamia College, Baker hostel, Carmichael hostel, Lady Braw Bourne College, Adina Fazlul Huq College in Rajshahi, Eliot hostel, Tyler Hostel, Medical College hostel, Engineering College hostel, Muslim Institute Building, Dhaka Eden Girls' College Building, Fazlul Huq College at Chakhar, Fazlul Huq Hall (Dhaka University), Tejgaon Agriculture College, Bulbul Music Academy and Central Women’s’ College. Sher-e-Bangla also had significant contribution for founding the leading university of Bangladesh- Dhaka University. During his premiership Bangla Academy was founded and Bangla New Year’s Day (Pohela Baishakh) was declared public holiday .

Throughout Bangladesh, various educational institutions (e.g. Barisal Sher-e-Bangla Medical College), roads, neighborhoods (Sher-e-Bangla Nagor), and stadiums (Sher-e-Bangla Mirpur Stadium) have been named after him. This depicts the respect of the people for Sher-e-Bangla. Fazlul Huq's only son, A. K. Faezul Huq, was a Bangladeshi politician.

References

1. id="CITEREFDeRahim2003">De, Amalendu & Enayetur Rahim (2003), "Huq, AK Fazlul", in Islam, Sirajul, Banglapedia: national encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, ISBN 9843205766.
   1. Gandhi, Rajmohan (1986), Eight Lives, SUNY Press, New York, ISBN 0-88706-196-6
   2. Al Helal, Bashir (2003), Bhasha Andoloner Itihas (History of the Language Movement), Agamee Prakashani, Dhaka, ISBN 984-401-523-5
   3. Richard, Stevenson (2005), Bengal Tiger and British Lion, iUniverse, ISBN 9780595806539
   4. id="CITEREFUmar2004">Umar, Badruddin (2004), The Emergence of Bangladesh: Class Struggles in East Pakistan (1947-1958), USA: Oxford University Press (published 2004-06-11), ISBN 0195795717.
      1. id="CITEREFMuktadhara2001">Muktadhara (2001), "Sher-e-Bangla AK Fazlul Huq (Krisak Proja Party)", Great Politicians, <[1] (retrieved on 2007-09-14)
         1. id="CITEREFJalil2006">Jalil, Azizul, "Lest We Forget: A. K. Fazlul Huq", Star Weekend Magazine (Dhaka: The Daily Star) 5 (101), 2006-06-30, <[2] (retrieved on 2007-09-27).
            1. id="CITEREFZiring2000">Ziring, Lawrence (2000), Pakistan in the Twentieth Century: A Political History (The Jubilee Series), USA: Oxford University Press (published 2000-02-03), ISBN 978-0195792768.
               1. Gandhi, Rajmohan (2000), Understanding the Muslim Mind, Penguin, New Delhi, ISBN 014029905X

               See also

               • Lahore Resolution
               • Muslim League

               •  • [ e]                      Creation of Pakistan
               History:	General History - British East India Company - Indian rebellion of 1857 - Aligarh Movement - Urdu movement - Partition of Bengal - Lucknow Pact - Khilafat Movement - Nehru Report - Fourteen Points of Jinnah - Allahabad Address - Now or Never pamphlet - Two-Nation Theory - Indian Round Table Conferences - Pakistan Resolution - Indian Muslim Nationalism - Cabinet Mission - Indian Independence Act - Radcliffe Line - Pakistan - Objectives Resolution - Yaum e Azadi
               Organisations:	Muslim League - Unionist Muslim League - Jamaat-e-Islami - All India Muslim Students Federation - Khaksars
               Leaders:	Sir Syed Ahmed Khan - Sir Muhammad Iqbal - Muhammad Ali Jinnah - Liaquat Ali Khan - Bahadur Yar Jung - Abdur Rab Nishtar - Fatima Jinnah - Choudhary Rahmat Ali - Muhammad Ali Jouhar - Shaukat Ali - A. K. Fazlul Huq - Sir Sikandar Hyat Khan - Zafar Ali Khan - Khawaja Nazimuddin - Abdul Qayyum Khan - Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy - Begum Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan -
               Activists:	Z. A. Suleri - Hameed Nizami - M. A. Zuberi - Altaf Husain - Yusuf Khattak - Shaukat Hayat Khan -

               October 26th is the feast day of the following Roman Catholic Saints:
            2. St. Albinus
            3. St. Alfred the Great
            4. St. Cedd
            5. St.
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