Information about Palaeodicots
Paleodicots (sometimes spelled "palaeodicots") is an informal name used by botanists (Spichiger & Savolainen 1997, Leitch et al. 1998) to refer to a group of flowering plants traditionally considered dicotyledons but excluded from the monophyletic group eudicots in classifications based on molecular systematics.
Molecular phylogenies have shown that within the flowering plants (angiosperms), there are two major clades, recognized in the APG II system as the monocots and the eudicots (tricolpates in some references). Both are monophyletic groups. The majority of plants traditionally recognized as "dicots" fall within the eudicot clade, but there is a non-monophyletic residue of early-diverging groups included in the dicots in older systems (e.g., the Cronquist system). These early-diverging dicots have been dubbed the "paleodicots" and correspond to Magnoliidae sensu Cronquist 1981 (minus Ranunculales and Papaverales) and to Magnoliidae sensu Takhtajan 1980 (Spichiger & Savolainen 1997). Some of the paleodicots share apparently plesiomorphic characters with monocots, e.g., scattered vascular bundles, trimerous flowers, and non-tricolpate pollen.
The "paleodicots" are not a monophyletic group and the term has not been widely adopted. The APG II system does not recognize a group called "paleodicots" but assigns these early-diverging dicots to several orders and unplaced families: Amborellaceae, Nymphaeaceae (including Cabombaceae), Austrobaileyales, Ceratophyllales (not included among the "paleodicots" by Leitch et al. 1998), Chloranthaceae, and the magnoliid clade (orders Canellales, Piperales, Laurales, and Magnoliales). Subsequent research has added Hydatellaceae to the paleodicots.
Molecular phylogenies have shown that within the flowering plants (angiosperms), there are two major clades, recognized in the APG II system as the monocots and the eudicots (tricolpates in some references). Both are monophyletic groups. The majority of plants traditionally recognized as "dicots" fall within the eudicot clade, but there is a non-monophyletic residue of early-diverging groups included in the dicots in older systems (e.g., the Cronquist system). These early-diverging dicots have been dubbed the "paleodicots" and correspond to Magnoliidae sensu Cronquist 1981 (minus Ranunculales and Papaverales) and to Magnoliidae sensu Takhtajan 1980 (Spichiger & Savolainen 1997). Some of the paleodicots share apparently plesiomorphic characters with monocots, e.g., scattered vascular bundles, trimerous flowers, and non-tricolpate pollen.
The "paleodicots" are not a monophyletic group and the term has not been widely adopted. The APG II system does not recognize a group called "paleodicots" but assigns these early-diverging dicots to several orders and unplaced families: Amborellaceae, Nymphaeaceae (including Cabombaceae), Austrobaileyales, Ceratophyllales (not included among the "paleodicots" by Leitch et al. 1998), Chloranthaceae, and the magnoliid clade (orders Canellales, Piperales, Laurales, and Magnoliales). Subsequent research has added Hydatellaceae to the paleodicots.
References
- Leitch, I. J., M. W. Chase, and M. D. Bennett. 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA C-values provides evidence for a small ancestral genome size in flowering plants. Annals of Botany 82 (Suppl. A): 85-94.
- Rudolphe Spichiger & Vincent Savolainen. 1997. Present state of Angiospermae phylogeny. Candollea 52: 435-455 (text).
Magnoliophyta
Classes
Magnoliopsida - Dicots
Liliopsida - Monocots
The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. The flowering plants and the gymnosperms comprise the two extant groups of seed plants.
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Classes
Magnoliopsida - Dicots
Liliopsida - Monocots
The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. The flowering plants and the gymnosperms comprise the two extant groups of seed plants.
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Magnoliopsida
Brongniart
Orders
See text.
Dicotyledons, or "dicots", is a name for a group of flowering plants whose seed typically contains two embryonic leaves or cotyledons.
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Brongniart
Orders
See text.
Dicotyledons, or "dicots", is a name for a group of flowering plants whose seed typically contains two embryonic leaves or cotyledons.
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Eudicots
Clades
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Clades
- Ranunculales
- Sabiales
- Proteales
- Trochodendrales
- Buxales
- Gunnerales
- Core eudicots:
- Berberidopsidales
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Molecular phylogeny is the use of the structure of molecules to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a so-called phylogenetic tree.
Every living organism contains DNA, RNA, and proteins.
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Every living organism contains DNA, RNA, and proteins.
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Magnoliophyta
Classes
Magnoliopsida - Dicots
Liliopsida - Monocots
The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. The flowering plants and the gymnosperms comprise the two extant groups of seed plants.
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Classes
Magnoliopsida - Dicots
Liliopsida - Monocots
The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. The flowering plants and the gymnosperms comprise the two extant groups of seed plants.
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This article has been tagged since July 2007.
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You can assist by [ editing it] now. A how-to guide is available, as is general .
This article has been tagged since July 2007.
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A modern system of plant taxonomy, the APG II system of plant classification was published in 2003 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, APG, in
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- Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2003).
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Monocotyledones
orders
about 10; see text
Monocotyledons or monocots are one of two major groups of flowering plants (angiosperms) that are traditionally recognized, dicotyledons or dicots being the other.
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orders
about 10; see text
Monocotyledons or monocots are one of two major groups of flowering plants (angiosperms) that are traditionally recognized, dicotyledons or dicots being the other.
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Eudicots
Clades
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Clades
- Ranunculales
- Sabiales
- Proteales
- Trochodendrales
- Buxales
- Gunnerales
- Core eudicots:
- Berberidopsidales
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In phylogenetics, a group is monophyletic (Greek: "of one race") if it consists of an inferred common ancestor and all its descendants. A taxonomic group that contains organisms but not their common ancestor is called polyphyletic, and a group that contains some but not all
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Magnoliopsida
Brongniart
Orders
See text.
Dicotyledons, or "dicots", is a name for a group of flowering plants whose seed typically contains two embryonic leaves or cotyledons.
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Brongniart
Orders
See text.
Dicotyledons, or "dicots", is a name for a group of flowering plants whose seed typically contains two embryonic leaves or cotyledons.
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A system of plant taxonomy, the Cronquist system is a scheme for the classification of flowering plants (or angiosperms). This system was developed by Arthur Cronquist (1919-1992) in his texts An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants (1981) and
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Magnoliidae is a botanical name of a subclass. The of the subclass will vary with the being used (there are many such systems). The only requirement is that it must include the family Magnoliaceae (Art 16 of the ICBN).
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Magnoliidae is a botanical name of a subclass. The of the subclass will vary with the being used (there are many such systems). The only requirement is that it must include the family Magnoliaceae (Art 16 of the ICBN).
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Pollen is a fine to coarse powder consisting of microgametophytes (pollen grains), which produce the male gametes (sperm cells) of seed plants. The pollen grain with its hard coat protects the sperm cells during the process of their movement between the stamens
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Amborellaceae
Pichon (1948)
Amborellaceae, or the Amborella Family, is a family of flowering plants endemic to New Caledonia. The family consists of only a single species, Amborella trichopoda.
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Pichon (1948)
Amborellaceae, or the Amborella Family, is a family of flowering plants endemic to New Caledonia. The family consists of only a single species, Amborella trichopoda.
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Nymphaeaceae
Salisb. (1805)
Nymphaeaceae is the retarded name of a family of flowering plants. The family is also called the water lily family. The white water lily is the national flower of Bangladesh. It is also the birth flower for July.
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Salisb. (1805)
Nymphaeaceae is the retarded name of a family of flowering plants. The family is also called the water lily family. The white water lily is the national flower of Bangladesh. It is also the birth flower for July.
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Cabombaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognised by at least some taxonomists.
The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, of 1998), does not recognise such a family, at least as such: the plants in question
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The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, of 1998), does not recognise such a family, at least as such: the plants in question
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Austrobaileyales is the botanical name for an order of flowering plants, consisting of several dozen species of woody plants. It is only rarely recognised by systems of classification (an exception is the Reveal system).
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Ceratophyllales
Bisch.
Family: Ceratophyllaceae
Gray
Genus: Ceratophyllum
L.
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Bisch.
Family: Ceratophyllaceae
Gray
Genus: Ceratophyllum
L.
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angiosperms
Order: unplaced
Family: Chloranthaceae
R.Br. ex Sims (1820)
genera
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Order: unplaced
Family: Chloranthaceae
R.Br. ex Sims (1820)
genera
- Ascarina
- Chloranthus
- Hedyosmum
- Sarcandra
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magnoliids (plural, not capitalized) or magnoliid complex is used by the APG II system (2003) for a clade within the angiosperms. The circumscription is:
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- clade magnoliids :
- : order Canellales
- : order Laurales
- : order Magnoliales
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Canellales
Cronquist (1957)
families
see text
Canellales is the botanical name for an order of flowering plants. It is only rarely recognized by systems of plant classification.
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Cronquist (1957)
families
see text
Canellales is the botanical name for an order of flowering plants. It is only rarely recognized by systems of plant classification.
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magnoliids
Order: Piperales
Dumort. (1829)
families
see text
Piperales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants.
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Order: Piperales
Dumort. (1829)
families
see text
Piperales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants.
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Laurales
Perleb
Families
Atherospermataceae
Calycanthaceae
Gomortegaceae
Hernandiaceae
Lauraceae
Monimiaceae
Siparunaceae
The Laurales are an order of flowering plants.
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Perleb
Families
Atherospermataceae
Calycanthaceae
Gomortegaceae
Hernandiaceae
Lauraceae
Monimiaceae
Siparunaceae
The Laurales are an order of flowering plants.
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Magnoliales
Bromhead
Families
see text
Magnoliales is an order of flowering plants.
The APG system (1998) and the APG II system (2003) place this order is in the clade magnoliids, circumscribed as follows:
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Bromhead
Families
see text
Magnoliales is an order of flowering plants.
The APG system (1998) and the APG II system (2003) place this order is in the clade magnoliids, circumscribed as follows:
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Hydatellaceae
U.Hamann (1976)
Genera
Hydatella
Trithuria
Hydatellaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants containing the genera Hydatella and Trithuria.
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U.Hamann (1976)
Genera
Hydatella
Trithuria
Hydatellaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants containing the genera Hydatella and Trithuria.
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