Information about Mediumship
Mediumship is a term used mostly in Spiritualism to denote the ability of a person (the medium) to produce psychic phenomena of a mental or physical nature. The term is usually used to denote a person who is thought to be able to facilitate communication with spirits of the deceased or other non-corporeal entities, either by going into a trance and allowing a spirit to use their body, or by using extrasensory perception to relay messages from the spirits. The term channelling often used for this type of mediumship.[1][2] Some mediums (or the spirits working with them) are also said to be able to produce physical paranormal phenomena such as materilizations of spirits, apports of objects, or levitation.[3][4][5] Mediumship, often called channelling, is part of the belief systems and rituals of many religions, such as Candomblé, Voodoo, Kardecism, and Umbanda, and is popular in some New Age groups.
Skeptics say the phenomena of mediumship are the result of self-delusion, unconscious influence, or of magician's techniques such as cold reading, hot reading, and conjuring.[3]
Mediumship was described by Allan Kardec, who in fact coined the original term spiritism, ca. 1860 [7]. Spiritualism in the United States dates from the activities of the Fox sisters in 1848. Some mediums acknowledged by the Spiritualist Church today include Andrew Jackson Davis and Helena Petrovna Blavatsky. In Britain, the Society for Psychical Research has carried on investigations of some phenomena, mainly in connection with telepathy and apparitions.[8]
A spirit who communicates with a medium, either verbally or visually, is known as a spirit communicator. A spirit who uses a medium to manipulate energy or energy systems is called a spirit operator.
Channelling is another common term for mental mediumship and trance mediumship.
Psychic senses used by mental mediums are sometimes defined differently in spiritualism than in other paranormal fields. Clairvoyance, for instance, is often used by spiritualists to include seeing spirits and visions instilled by spirits , whereas the Parapsychological Association defines "clairvoyance" as information derived directly from an external physical source.[10]
Some clairvoyant mediums can see a spirit as though the spirit has a physical body. They see the bodily form as if it were physically present. Other mediums see the spirit in their mind's eye, or it appears as a movie or a television programme or a still picture like a photograph in their mind.
Clairaudience or "Clear Hearing", is usually defined as the ability to hear the voices or thoughts of spirits. Some Mediums hear as though they are listening to a person talking to them on the outside of their head, as though the Spirit is next to or near to the Medium, and other Mediums hear the voices in their minds as a verbal thought.
Clairsentience or "Clear Sensing", is the ability to have an impression of what a spirit wants to communicate, or to feel sensations instilled by a spirit.
In clairsentinence or "Clear Feeling", the medium takes on the ailments of a spirit, feeling the same physical problem the spirit person before they died.
Clairalience or "Clear Smelling" is the ability to smell a spirit. For example, a medium may smell the pipe tobacco of a person who smoked during life.
Clairgustance or "Clear Tasting", is the ability to receive taste impressions from a spirit.
Claircognizance or "Clear Knowing", is the ability to know something without receiving it through normal or psychic senses. It is a feeling of "just knowing". Often, a medium will have the feeling that a message or situation is "right" or "wrong".
Some mediums remain conscious during this communication period, while others go into a trance, wherein a spirit uses the medium's body to communicate. Part trance mediums are aware during the period of communication, while full trance mediums pass into an unconscious state in which their physical and mental processes are completely controlled by the spirit communicator.
In the 1860s and 1870s, trance mediums were among the most popular of lecturer-entertainers, many delivering passionate speeches on abolitionism and women's rights.[11]
VERITAS Research Program of the Laboratory for Advances in Consciousness and Health in the Department of Psychology at the University of Arizona, run by Gary Schwartz, was created primarily to test the hypothesis that the consciousness (or identity) of a person survives physical death.[14] Studies are conducted by VERITAS have been approved by the University of Arizona Human Subjects Protection Program and an academic advisory board.
Critics dispute the existence of genuine mediums, arguing that individuals who claim to possess this ability are either self-deluded or charlatans who engage in cold or hot reading.[15]
Critics say that Gary Schwartz's studies such as The Afterlife Experiments have not provided competent scientific evidence for survival of consciousness or that mediums can actually communicate with the dead. In the January/February 2003 issue of the Skeptical Enquirer, Ray Hyman charged that the research Schwartz presented is crucially flawed in a number of ways, including inappropriate control comparisons, inadequate precautions against fraud and sensory leakage, reliance on non-standardized, untested dependent variables, failure to use double-blind procedures, inadequate use of double-blind protocols, failure to independently check on facts the sitters endorsed as true, and the use of plausibility arguments to substitute for actual controls.[16] Schwartz and Hyman debated these points in the March 2003 issue of the Skeptical Enquirer.[17][18] In January 2007 Julie Beischel and Gary Schwartz published the results of a triple-blind study in EXPLORE The Journal of Science and Healing that also had positive results.[19]
New Age is the term commonly used to designate the broad movement of late 20th century and contemporary Western culture, characterised by an eclectic and individual approach to spiritual
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Telepathy, from the Greek τῆλε, tele meaning "remote" and πάθεια, patheia meaning "to be affected by",[2]
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Telepathy, from the Greek τῆλε, tele meaning "remote" and πάθεια, patheia meaning "to be affected by",[2]
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Skeptics say the phenomena of mediumship are the result of self-delusion, unconscious influence, or of magician's techniques such as cold reading, hot reading, and conjuring.[3]
History of mediumship
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Types of mediumship
There are several distinct types of mediumship - Mental mediumship is defined as communication of spirits with a medium by telepathy having received the communication, the medium then passes on the information. Trance mediumship is defined as a spirit taking over the body of the medium, sometimes to such a degree that the medium is unconscious. Physical mediumship is defined as manipulation of energies and energy systems by spirits, using the energy or ectoplasm released by a medium .[9]A spirit who communicates with a medium, either verbally or visually, is known as a spirit communicator. A spirit who uses a medium to manipulate energy or energy systems is called a spirit operator.
Channelling is another common term for mental mediumship and trance mediumship.
Mental mediumship
Mental mediumship involves communication between spirits and the medium. The medium mentally "hears", "sees", and feels messages from spirits, which he then relays to the recipient(s) of the message. When a medium is doing a "reading" for a particular person, that person is know as the sitter.Psychic senses used by mental mediums are sometimes defined differently in spiritualism than in other paranormal fields. Clairvoyance, for instance, is often used by spiritualists to include seeing spirits and visions instilled by spirits , whereas the Parapsychological Association defines "clairvoyance" as information derived directly from an external physical source.[10]
Spiritualist definitions of psychic senses
Clairvoyance or "Clear Seeing", is the ability to see anything which is not physically present, such as objects, animals or people. This sight occurs "in the mind’s eye", and some mediums say that this is their normal vision state. Others say that they must train their minds with such practices as meditation in order to achieve this ability, and that assistance from spiritual helpers is often necessary.Some clairvoyant mediums can see a spirit as though the spirit has a physical body. They see the bodily form as if it were physically present. Other mediums see the spirit in their mind's eye, or it appears as a movie or a television programme or a still picture like a photograph in their mind.
Clairaudience or "Clear Hearing", is usually defined as the ability to hear the voices or thoughts of spirits. Some Mediums hear as though they are listening to a person talking to them on the outside of their head, as though the Spirit is next to or near to the Medium, and other Mediums hear the voices in their minds as a verbal thought.
Clairsentience or "Clear Sensing", is the ability to have an impression of what a spirit wants to communicate, or to feel sensations instilled by a spirit.
In clairsentinence or "Clear Feeling", the medium takes on the ailments of a spirit, feeling the same physical problem the spirit person before they died.
Clairalience or "Clear Smelling" is the ability to smell a spirit. For example, a medium may smell the pipe tobacco of a person who smoked during life.
Clairgustance or "Clear Tasting", is the ability to receive taste impressions from a spirit.
Claircognizance or "Clear Knowing", is the ability to know something without receiving it through normal or psychic senses. It is a feeling of "just knowing". Often, a medium will have the feeling that a message or situation is "right" or "wrong".
Trance mediumship
Trance mediumship is often seen as a form of mental mediumship.Some mediums remain conscious during this communication period, while others go into a trance, wherein a spirit uses the medium's body to communicate. Part trance mediums are aware during the period of communication, while full trance mediums pass into an unconscious state in which their physical and mental processes are completely controlled by the spirit communicator.
In the 1860s and 1870s, trance mediums were among the most popular of lecturer-entertainers, many delivering passionate speeches on abolitionism and women's rights.[11]
Physical mediumship
According to spiritualists, physical mediumship involves such manifistations as loud raps and noises, voices, materilized objects, apports, and materialized spirit bodies or body parts such as hands, and levitation. The medium is used as source of power and substance for such spirit manifestations. The power or substance taken from the medium is called ectoplasm.[12]Research and controversy
According to an article in the Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, in some cases mediums have produced personal information which has been well above guessing rates .[13]VERITAS Research Program of the Laboratory for Advances in Consciousness and Health in the Department of Psychology at the University of Arizona, run by Gary Schwartz, was created primarily to test the hypothesis that the consciousness (or identity) of a person survives physical death.[14] Studies are conducted by VERITAS have been approved by the University of Arizona Human Subjects Protection Program and an academic advisory board.
Critics dispute the existence of genuine mediums, arguing that individuals who claim to possess this ability are either self-deluded or charlatans who engage in cold or hot reading.[15]
Critics say that Gary Schwartz's studies such as The Afterlife Experiments have not provided competent scientific evidence for survival of consciousness or that mediums can actually communicate with the dead. In the January/February 2003 issue of the Skeptical Enquirer, Ray Hyman charged that the research Schwartz presented is crucially flawed in a number of ways, including inappropriate control comparisons, inadequate precautions against fraud and sensory leakage, reliance on non-standardized, untested dependent variables, failure to use double-blind procedures, inadequate use of double-blind protocols, failure to independently check on facts the sitters endorsed as true, and the use of plausibility arguments to substitute for actual controls.[16] Schwartz and Hyman debated these points in the March 2003 issue of the Skeptical Enquirer.[17][18] In January 2007 Julie Beischel and Gary Schwartz published the results of a triple-blind study in EXPLORE The Journal of Science and Healing that also had positive results.[19]
Well-known mediums
Some well-known mediums are, Derek Acorah, Sylvia Browne, Kuda Bux, Edgar Cayce, Jeane Dixon, Allison DuBois, John Edward, Daniel Dunglas Home, David Reid Lowell, Esther Hicks, Colin Fry, JZ Knight, Joseph Kony, Jane Roberts, Sathya Sai Baba, David Wells, Lisa Williams, James Van Praagh, Rosemary Altea, Divaldo Pereira Franco, Chico Xavier, Richard Ireland, Clifford Bias.Mediums and channellers in fiction
In fantasy literature, references to channellers or mediums are sometimes used in other ways, particularly to describe a person's ability to draw on some form of magical power.Television and movies
- Medium is an American television series about a woman (played by Patricia Arquette) who acts as a research medium for the Phoenix, Arizona district attorney's office. The series is based on the life of Allison DuBois, who claims to use her psychic ability allowing her to contact the dead to help the local law enforcement agency.
- Ghost Whisperer is an American television drama-fantasy-thriller starring Jennifer Love Hewitt as a young woman who can communicate with the spirits of the dead.
- A green chihuahua named Shirley is a medium from the cartoon Courage the Cowardly Dog.
Video games
- In the 2004 video game , the player meets The Sorrow, a mysterious dead medium who battles and also assists the player.
- In the Ace Attorney series, Maya, Pearl, and Mia Fey are spirit mediums who have the ability to allow spirits to take over their bodies temporarily and at the same time alter their appearance to that of the person they are channeling. Mia Fey never uses her abilities in the games, but is usually called upon by Maya and Pearl.
Books
- "The Signalman" from Charles Dickens' short story, The Signalman isn't a medium per se, but he sees the ghost of a man who warns him of danger before it happens.
- Yoshino Somei in Spriggan uses her necromancy skills to act as a medium, allowing the dead to speak to any living human.
- In the Wheel of Time the energy of the "Source" is channelled by those gifted women able to use it.
- The Secret Life of Sparrow Delaney by Suzanne Harper tells the story of a teenage medium in a family of eight others.
See also
- List of channelled texts
- Parapsychology
- Gary Schwartz
- Automatic drawing
- Automatic writing
- Cold reading
- Faith healer
- Séance
- Spiritualist Church
- Spiritualism
- The Spirits Book
- The Book on Mediums
- Spirit possession
References
1. ^ [1] New Age TimeLine Retrieved September 1, 2007
2. ^ [2] What is Channeling and Prophecy?, Retrieved September 1, 2007
3. ^ [3] Skeptic's Dictionary by Robert Todd Carroll, on Mediums Retrieved March 23, 2007 "In spiritualism, a medium is one with whom spirits communicate directly."
4. ^ Parapsychological Association website. Glossary of Key Words Frequently Used in Parapsychology. "Materialization: A phenomenon of physical mediumship in which living entities or inanimate objects are caused to take form, sometimes from ectoplasm." Retrieved January 24, 2006.
5. ^ Medium - Definition. Dictionary.com. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
6. ^ Skeptic's Dictionary by Robert Todd Carroll, on Mediums. Retrieved March 23, 2007 "In spiritualism, a medium is one with whom spirits communicate directly."
7. ^ "spiritism is not a religion but a science", by the famous French astronomer Camille Flammarion in Allan Kardec's Eulogy on April 2, 1869, in "Death and Its Mystery - After Death. Manifestations and Apparitions of the Dead; The Soul After Death" Translated by Latrobe Carroll (1923, T. Fisher Unwin, Ltd. London: Adelphi Terrace.), online version at Allan Kardec eulogy
8. ^ The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, "Spiritism"
9. ^ Somerlott, Robert, Here, Mr. Splitfoot. Viking, 1971.
10. ^ Parapsychological Association website, Glossary of Key Words Frequently Used in Parapsychology, Retrieved January 29, 2007
11. ^ Braude, Anne, Radical Spirits, Spiritualism and Women's Rights in Nineteenth-Century America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001.
12. ^ "Ectoplasm" def. Merriam Webster dictionary, Retrieved 18 January 2007
13. ^ Journal of the Society for Psychical Research January, 2001 - Vol. 65.1, Num. 862
14. ^ The VERITAS Research Program of the Laboratory for Advances in Consciousness and Health in the Department of Psychology at the University of Arizona
15. ^ [4]
16. ^ [5] ''How Not to Test Mediums1 Critiquing the Afterlife Experiments By Ray Hyman "The studies were methodologically defective in a number of important ways, not the least of which was that they were not double-blind."
17. ^ [6] Follow Up: How Not to Review Mediumship Research By Gary Schwartz The Skeptical Enquirer May 2003
18. ^ [7] Hyman’s Reply to Schwartz’s 'How Not To Review Mediumship Research
19. ^ [8] Anomalous Information Reception by Research Mediums Demonstrated Using a Novel Triple-Blind Protocol'' by Julie Beischel, PhD and Gary E. Schwartz
2. ^ [2] What is Channeling and Prophecy?, Retrieved September 1, 2007
3. ^ [3] Skeptic's Dictionary by Robert Todd Carroll, on Mediums Retrieved March 23, 2007 "In spiritualism, a medium is one with whom spirits communicate directly."
4. ^ Parapsychological Association website. Glossary of Key Words Frequently Used in Parapsychology. "Materialization: A phenomenon of physical mediumship in which living entities or inanimate objects are caused to take form, sometimes from ectoplasm." Retrieved January 24, 2006.
5. ^ Medium - Definition. Dictionary.com. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
6. ^ Skeptic's Dictionary by Robert Todd Carroll, on Mediums. Retrieved March 23, 2007 "In spiritualism, a medium is one with whom spirits communicate directly."
7. ^ "spiritism is not a religion but a science", by the famous French astronomer Camille Flammarion in Allan Kardec's Eulogy on April 2, 1869, in "Death and Its Mystery - After Death. Manifestations and Apparitions of the Dead; The Soul After Death" Translated by Latrobe Carroll (1923, T. Fisher Unwin, Ltd. London: Adelphi Terrace.), online version at Allan Kardec eulogy
8. ^ The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, "Spiritism"
9. ^ Somerlott, Robert, Here, Mr. Splitfoot. Viking, 1971.
10. ^ Parapsychological Association website, Glossary of Key Words Frequently Used in Parapsychology, Retrieved January 29, 2007
11. ^ Braude, Anne, Radical Spirits, Spiritualism and Women's Rights in Nineteenth-Century America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001.
12. ^ "Ectoplasm" def. Merriam Webster dictionary, Retrieved 18 January 2007
13. ^ Journal of the Society for Psychical Research January, 2001 - Vol. 65.1, Num. 862
14. ^ The VERITAS Research Program of the Laboratory for Advances in Consciousness and Health in the Department of Psychology at the University of Arizona
15. ^ [4]
16. ^ [5] ''How Not to Test Mediums1 Critiquing the Afterlife Experiments By Ray Hyman "The studies were methodologically defective in a number of important ways, not the least of which was that they were not double-blind."
17. ^ [6] Follow Up: How Not to Review Mediumship Research By Gary Schwartz The Skeptical Enquirer May 2003
18. ^ [7] Hyman’s Reply to Schwartz’s 'How Not To Review Mediumship Research
19. ^ [8] Anomalous Information Reception by Research Mediums Demonstrated Using a Novel Triple-Blind Protocol'' by Julie Beischel, PhD and Gary E. Schwartz
External links
- A further point-by-point response by Gary Schwartz to Ray Hyman's article How Not to Test Mediums
- After Death Communication Research Foundation, Jody A. Long, J.D. and Jeffrey P. Long, M.D.
- The Scientific Proof of Survival After Death
- Allan Kardec Educational Society website: The Book of Mediums
Critical resources
Spiritualism is a religious movement that began in the United States and was prominent in the 1840s–1920s, especially in English-speaking countries. The movement's distinguishing feature is the belief that the spirits of the dead can be contacted by mediums.
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In semiotics, denotation is the surface or literal meaning encoded to a signifier, and the definition most likely to appear in a dictionary.
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Discussion
Drawing from the original definition proposed by Saussure (1857-1913), a sign has two parts:- as a
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Psychic (sī'kĭk); from the Greek psychikos - "of the soul, mental". The term Psychic is commonly used in popular culture to refer to the ability to perceive things hidden from traditional senses through means of extra-sensory perception.
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The soul, according to many religious and philosophical traditions, is the self-aware essence unique to a particular living being. In these traditions the soul is thought to incorporate the inner essence of each living being, and to be the true basis for sapience.
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Extra-Sensory Perception (ESP) is defined as ability to acquire information by paranormal means independent of any known physical senses or deduction from previous experience. The term was coined by Duke University researcher J. B.
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Paranormal is an umbrella term used to describe a wide variety of reported anomalous phenomena. According to the Journal of Parapsychology, the term paranormal describes "any phenomenon that in one or more respects exceeds the limits of what is deemed physically possible according
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An apport is the transference of an article from an unknown source, to you, or another place by unknown means.[1] The item can be anything, from coins and jewellery from ancient times, to modern objects such as watches and keys.
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Levitation (from Latin levare, to raise) is the process by which an object is suspended against gravity, in a stable position, by a force without physical contact.
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Candomblé is an African religion practiced chiefly in Brazil but also in adjacent countries. The religion came from Africa to Brazil, carried by African priests and adherents who were brought as slaves between 1549 and 1850.
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This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims.
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Please help Wikipedia by adding references. See the for details.
This article has been tagged since October 2007.
This article has been tagged since October 2007.
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Spiritism is a philosophical doctrine akin to Spiritualism, established in France in the mid nineteenth century. Spiritism investigates the survival of the souls after death and communications received from them.
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Umbanda is a religion that blends Catholicism, Kardecist Spiritualism, and Afro-Brazilian religions. It originated in Brazil in the early 20th century through a medium, Zélio Fernandino de Moraes, who worked among the Afro-Brazilian population of Rio de Janeiro.
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For other uses, see New Age (disambiguation).
New Age is the term commonly used to designate the broad movement of late 20th century and contemporary Western culture, characterised by an eclectic and individual approach to spiritual
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Delusion
Classification & external resources
ICD-10 F22
ICD-9 297
A delusion is commonly defined as a fixed false belief and is used in everyday language to describe a belief that is either false, fanciful or derived from deception.
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Classification & external resources
ICD-10 F22
ICD-9 297
A delusion is commonly defined as a fixed false belief and is used in everyday language to describe a belief that is either false, fanciful or derived from deception.
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Magic is a performing art that entertains an audience by creating illusions of impossible[1] or supernatural[2] feats, using purely natural means. These feats are called magic tricks, effects or illusions.
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This article may contain original research or unverified claims.
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Please help Wikipedia by adding references. See the for details.
This article has been tagged since July 2007.
This article has been tagged since July 2007.
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Hot reading is the use of foreknowledge when giving a psychic reading. The foreknowledge is ideally concealed in order to offer a more impressive and apparently accurate reading.
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Magic is a performing art that entertains an audience by creating illusions of impossible[1] or supernatural[2] feats, using purely natural means. These feats are called magic tricks, effects or illusions.
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Allan Kardec was a pseudonym of the French teacher and educator Hippolyte Léon Denizard Rivail (Lyon, October 3, 1804 — Paris, March 31, 1869), who is known today as the systematizer of Spiritism.
Rivail was born in Lyon, France, in 1804.
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Rivail was born in Lyon, France, in 1804.
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Spiritism is a philosophical doctrine akin to Spiritualism, established in France in the mid nineteenth century. Spiritism investigates the survival of the souls after death and communications received from them.
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Kate (1838–92), Leah (1814–90) and Margaret (or Maggie) (1836–93) Fox played an important role in the creation of Spiritualism.
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Hydesville Events
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The Spiritualist Church arose from the Spiritualist movement which began in the 1840s in America. Spiritualist Churches are found around the world, but are more common in English-speaking countries.
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Andrew Jackson Davis (11 August 1826 - 1910), American spiritualist, was born at Blooming Grove, New York.
He had little education, though probably much more than he and his friends pretended.
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He had little education, though probably much more than he and his friends pretended.
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Helena Blavatsky (Russian: Елена Блаватская) or Madame Blavatsky, born Helena von Hahn, was a founder of the Theosophical Society.
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The Society for Psychical Research (SPR) is a non-profit organization which started in the United Kingdom and later acquired branches in other countries. Its stated purpose is to understand "events and abilities commonly described as psychic or paranormal by promoting and
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- For the magical act, see mentalism.
Telepathy, from the Greek τῆλε, tele meaning "remote" and πάθεια, patheia meaning "to be affected by",[2]
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Generally, an apparition is the act or instance of appearing, including:
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- a religious vision
- Marian apparition
- any supernatural apparitional experience
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- For the magical act, see mentalism.
Telepathy, from the Greek τῆλε, tele meaning "remote" and πάθεια, patheia meaning "to be affected by",[2]
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Ectoplasm (from the Greek ektos, "outside", + plasma, "something formed or molded") is a term coined by Charles Richet to denote a substance or spiritual energy supposedly "exteriorized" by physical mediums.
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Clairvoyance (from 17th century French Clair meaning "clear" and voyant meaning "seeing") is a supposed form of extra-sensory perception claiming the transference of information about an object, location or physical event through means other than the known human
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