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Chancellor or chancellour (archaic) (Latin: cancellarius) is an official title used by most of the peoples whose civilization has arisen directly or indirectly out of the Roman Empire. At different times and in different countries it has stood for various duties and has been borne by officers of various degrees of dignity. Various governments have a chancellor who serves as some form of junior or senior minister. The original chancellors were the Cancellarii of Roman courts of justice - ushers who sat at the cancelli or lattice work screens of a basilica or law court, which separated the judge and counsel from the audience. A Chancellor's office is called a chancellery or chancery.
Austria
The Chancellor of Austria, or Bundeskanzler, is the title for the head of government in Austria. In Austrian politics, the Bundeskanzler position is somewhat equivalent to that of a prime minister.Argentina
In Argentina the Foreign Minister is mostly called Canciller (Chancellor) and he works at the Cancillería (chancellery).[1]Brazil
The Chancellor of Brazil is the country's foreign affairs minister, whose office is located inside Itamaraty Palace.China
The Chancellor of China was the second highest rank after the Emperor of China.Colombia
In Colombia, the Chancellor is the Foreign Affairs Minister.Denmark
The office as chancellor (or royal chancellor) seems to have appeared in the 12th century, and until 1660 it was the title of the leader of the state administration (a kind of a "Home Office" but often with foreign political duties). Often he appeared to be the real leader of the government. From 1660–1848, the title continued as "Grand Chancellor" or "President of the Danish Chancellery," and was replaced in 1848 by the title "Minister of Domestic Affairs."Egypt
There are two ancient Egyptian titles sometimes translated as chancellor. There is the "royal sealer" (xtmtj-bity or xtmw-bity), a title attested since the First Dynasty (about 3000 BC)[1]. People holding the post include Imhotep and Hemaka[2].The other title translated as chancellor is "Keeper of the Royal Seal" (or overseer of the seal or treasurer - imy-r xtmt [3][4]). Officials holding the post include Bay or Irsu, Khety[5] Meketre [6], and Nakhti [7].
The first title (royal sealer) announced a certain rank at the royal court, the second (supervisor of the sealed goods, i.e. treasurer) was responsible for the state's income. This position appears around 2000 BC.
Estonia
In Estonia the Chancellor of Justice (Õiguskantsler, Currently Allar Jõks) supervises the legality of actions taken by the government and monitors the implementation of basic civil liberties.Finland
In Finland the Chancellor of Justice (Oikeuskansleri, Justitiekanslern) supervises the legality of actions taken by the government and monitors the implementation of basic civil liberties. In this special function the chancellor also sits in the Finnish Cabinet, the Finnish Council of State.France
For centuries, the King of France appointed a chancellor or Chancelier de France, a Great Officer of the Crown, as an office associated with that of keeper of the seals. The chancelier was responsible for some judicial proceedings. During the reigns of Louis XVIII, Charles X and Louis Philippe, the Chancellor of France presided over the Chamber of Peers, the upper house of the royal French parliament.Germany
As in Austria, the Chancellor of Germany or Bundeskanzler (meaning "Federal Chancellor"), is the title for the head of government in Germany. Bundeskanzlerin is the feminine form. In German politics the Bundeskanzler position is somewhat equivalent to that of a prime minister and is elected by the Bundestag, the German Parliament, every four years, but can be replaced at any time by the parliament.After the unification of Germany, in the year 1871, the Chancellor of the Reich or Reichskanzler (meaning "Imperial Chancellor"), served not only as head of government, but also as presiding officer of the Bundesrat, the upper house of the German imperial parliament. After the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1918, the German chancellor no longer presided over the upper house of parliament, but was head of the republic's government.
Adolf Hitler was appointed to the chancellorship in 1933 by President Hindenburg. On March 23 1933, after the Reichstag fire, the parliament passed the Enabling Act, which gave to Hitler legal right to pass legislation without the approval or consent of the parliament: he was made a legal dictator. The office of "Chancellor" was combined with that of the "President" and called the Führer und Reichskanzler (meaning "Leader and Imperial Chancellor") after President Hindenburg's death in the year 1934.
Since the defeat of Nazi Germany and the formation of the Federal Republic in 1949, the chancellorship has adhered to its role as dictated by the Basic Law. It differs from the chancellorship of Weimar Germany primarily in that the office is not appointed by the president, but through a majority Bundestag vote.
Lithuania
See Poland below.Japan
The Daijō Daijin or Chancellor of the Realm was the head of the Daijō-kan, or Department of State in Heian Japan and briefly under the Meiji Constitution.Malaysia
In Malaysia, the chancellor position is given to dignitaries such as royalty or prominent politicians by universities to represent the universities in the political arena. Recently, the university UCSI in Kuala Lumpur has given recognition to Tan Sri Datuk Seri Panglima Dr. Abdul Rahman Arshad as its first chancellor.Peru
In Peru, the Chancellor is the Foreign Affairs Minister.Poland
- For more details on this topic, see kanclerz.
Russia
In the Russian Empire, the chancellor was the highest rank of civil service as defined by the Table of Ranks and on the same grade as field marshal and general admiral. Only the most distinguished government officials were promoted to this grade, such as foreign ministers Alexander Gorchakov and Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin.Spain
The Spanish word “canciller” is the equivalent to the English chancellor. However, in Spain, the term refers to a civil servant responsible for technical issues relating to foreign affairs. Chancellors work in the embassies and consulates of Spain. Other Spanish speaking countries use the term “canciller” to refer to the Foreign Minister.Sweden
In Sweden the Chancellor of Justice or Justitiekanslern acts as the Solicitor General for the Swedish Government. The office was introduced by Charles XII of Sweden in 1713. Historically there was also a Lord High Chancellor or Rikskansler as the most senior member of the Privy Council of Sweden. There is in addition to this a University Chancellor or Universitetskansler, who leads the National Agency for Higher Education.Switzerland
In Switzerland, the Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler, Chancelier fédéral, Cancelliere della Confederazione) is elected by the Swiss parliament. He or she heads the Federal Chancellery, the general staff of the seven-member executive Federal Council, the Swiss government. The Chancellor participates in the meetings of the seven Federal Councilors with a consultative vote and prepares the reports on policy and activities of the council to parliament. The chancellery is responsible for the publication of all federal laws.United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, a number of cabinet ministers hold offices containing the word chancellor.- The Lord Chancellor (Lord High Chancellor, King's Chancellor) is the occupant of one of the oldest offices of state, dating back to the Kingdom of England, and older than Parliament itself. Theoretically, the Lord Chancellor is the "Chancellor of Great Britain"; there was formerly an office of "Chancellor of Ireland" which was abolished in 1922, when all but Northern Ireland left the United Kingdom. The Lord Chancellor, the second highest non-royal subject in precedence (after the Archbishop of Canterbury), fulfils a threefold role:
- The Lord Chancellor was the head of the English, but not Scottish, judiciary. Previously, the Lord Chancellor was the sole judge in the Court of Chancery. Since that court has been combined with others to form the High Court, the Lord Chancellor has served as the head of the Chancery division, but that role has been delegated to the Vice-Chancellor. The Lord Chancellor was also permitted to participate in judicial sittings of the House of Lords; he also chooses the committees that hear appeals in the Lords. The latter role was in practice fulfilled by the Senior Lord of Appeal in Ordinary. All judicial functions have since been moved to the new Supreme Court under the Constitutional Reform Act of 2005.
- Head of the Ministry of Justice, which was created in May 2007 from the Department for Constitutional Affairs (which was created in 2003 from the Lord Chancellor's Department) as the head of which he sits in the Cabinet.
- He was also formerly the de facto speaker of the House of Lords. However, as of 2006, following reforms made by the Labour government these duties are now undertaken by the Lord Speaker. The current Lord Chancellor, Jack Straw, is the first in history to sit in the House of Commons rather than the House of Lords.
- Chancellor of the Exchequer, the minister with overall responsibility for the Exchequer or Treasury. This, too, is an ancient title dating back to the Kingdom of England. It is roughly the equivalent of the Minister of Finance or Secretary of the Treasury in other governmental systems. In recent years, when the term chancellor is used in British politics, it is taken as referring to the Chancellor of the Exchequer. As Second Lord of the Treasury, the Chancellor has an official residence at 11 Downing Street, next door to the First Lord of the Treasury, the Prime Minister, at 10 Downing Street, in London.
- Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, another ancient office of state, the Chancellor being the Minister of the Crown responsible in theory for the running of the Duchy of Lancaster, a duchy in England belonging to the Crown but historically maintained separately from the rest of the kingdom, whose net revenues personally belong to the monarch. In reality, the post of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, effectively like a chairman of trustees, carries minimal work and responsibilities, so it is used in effect as a minister without portfolio position, often given to the chairman of the party in power to give him or her a seat in the cabinet.
United States
In the United States, the only "chancellor" established by the federal government is the Chancellor of the Smithsonian Institution, a largely ceremonial office held by the Chief Justice of the United States. As the Smithsonian is a research and museum system, its use of the title is perhaps best thought of as akin to a university's chancellor.State Chancellors
Some U.S. states, like Delaware, still maintain a separate Court of Chancery with jurisdiction over equity cases. Judges who sit on those courts are called chancellors.Among the states that once had the judicial office of chancellor, but have now abolished it, is New York State. In 1789, after George Washington had been elected the first President of the United States, he traveled to the temporary national capital, New York City, to be sworn in to office. By tradition, the presidential oath is administered by the Chief Justice of the United States except in cases of emergency. Of course, at the time Washington took office there was no chief justice or any other federal judges, as there was not yet a president to appoint them. Therefore, the oath of office was administered to Washington by the highest-ranking judge available, Robert Livingston, the chancellor of New York State.
New York City
The title of the head of the New York City Department of Education is chancellor.References
1. ^ Toby A. H. Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge 1999, p.131
2. ^ Michael Rice, Who's Who in Ancient Egypt, Routledge 2001, p.63
3. ^ pBerlin 10035 in U. Luft, Urkunden zur Chronologie der späten 12. Dynastie, Briefe aus Illahun, Wien 2006, 69 ff.
4. ^ pLouvre 3230 B in E. Wente, Letters from Ancient Egypt, Atlanta, 1990, 92
5. ^ Memoirs, Egypt Exploration Society - 1958, p.7
6. ^ Serdab of the Chancellor Meketre
7. ^ Michael Rice, Who's Who in Ancient Egypt, Routledge 2001
2. ^ Michael Rice, Who's Who in Ancient Egypt, Routledge 2001, p.63
3. ^ pBerlin 10035 in U. Luft, Urkunden zur Chronologie der späten 12. Dynastie, Briefe aus Illahun, Wien 2006, 69 ff.
4. ^ pLouvre 3230 B in E. Wente, Letters from Ancient Egypt, Atlanta, 1990, 92
5. ^ Memoirs, Egypt Exploration Society - 1958, p.7
6. ^ Serdab of the Chancellor Meketre
7. ^ Michael Rice, Who's Who in Ancient Egypt, Routledge 2001
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they also can be the pm or mps......
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In political science and constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the state. In many countries, it is referred to simply as the government, but this usage can be confusing in an international context.
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For the comedy film of the same name, see .
Head of state or Chief of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchic or republican nation-state, federation,
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A dictator is an autoritarian, often totalitarian ruler (e.g. absolutist or autocratic) who assumes sole power over his state, though the term is normally not applied to those who aquire such position by regular constitutional means, such as a hereditary absolute monarch,
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monarch (see sovereignty) is a type of ruler or head of state. Monarchs almost always inherit their titles and are rulers for life; that is, they have no term limit. Historically monarchs have been more or less absolute rulers.
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President is a title held by many leaders of organizations, companies, trade unions, universities, and countries. Etymologically, a "president" is one who presides , who sits in leadership (from Latin prae- "before" + sedere "to sit"; giving the term
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government is a body that has the power to make and the authority to enforce rules and laws within a civil, corporate, religious, academic, or other organization or group.[1]
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Head of Government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. In a parliamentary system, the head of government is often styled Prime Minister, Premier, etc.
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A premier is a title for the head of government in some countries.
In many nations, the title "premier" is used interchangeably with "prime minister": for example, the "Italian Premier" is the same person as the "Italian President of the Council of Ministers".
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In many nations, the title "premier" is used interchangeably with "prime minister": for example, the "Italian Premier" is the same person as the "Italian President of the Council of Ministers".
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A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. The position is usually held by, but need not always be held by, a politician.
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cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of government, typically representing the executive branch. It can also sometimes be referred to as the Council of Ministers, an Executive Council or an Executive Committee.
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A ministry is a department of a government, led by a minister. Ministries are usually subordinate to the cabinet, and prime minister, president or chancellor. A government will usually have numerous ministries, each with a specialised field of service.
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For other uses of "Minister," see Minister.
A minister or a secretary is a politician who holds significant public office in a national or regional government...... Click the link for more information.
A presidential system, also called a congressional system, is a system of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term) separately from the legislature, to which it is not accountable and which cannot in normal circumstances dismiss it.
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red and orange—the former being constitutional monarchies where authority is vested in a parliament, and the latter being parliamentary republics whose parliaments are effectively supreme over a separate head of state.
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Cohabitation in government occurs in semi-presidential systems, such as France's system, when the President is from a different political party than the majority of the members of parliament.
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Westminster system is a democratic, parliamentary system of government modelled after that of the United Kingdom system, as used in the Palace of Westminster, the location of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The system is a series of procedures for operating a legislature.
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This is a list of current heads of state and government, showing heads of state and heads of government where different, mainly in parliamentary systems; it should be noted that often a leader is both in presidential systems or dictatorships.
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1 In Commonwealth Realms other than the UK, the Governor-General represents Queen Elizabeth II who is the official head of state.
2 Kim Jong-il, as Chairman of the National Defense Commission is considered North Korea's "highest administrative
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2 Kim Jong-il, as Chairman of the National Defense Commission is considered North Korea's "highest administrative
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A governor or governour (archaic) is a governing official, usually the executive (at least nominally, to different degrees also politically and administratively) of a non-sovereign level of government, ranking under the Head of state.
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A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "larger", "greater") is the modern title of the highest ranking municipal officer.
In many systems, the mayor is an elected politician who serves as chief executive and/or ceremonial official of many types of
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In many systems, the mayor is an elected politician who serves as chief executive and/or ceremonial official of many types of
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Latin}}}
Official status
Official language of: Vatican City
Used for official purposes, but not spoken in everyday speech
Regulated by: Opus Fundatum Latinitas
Roman Catholic Church
Language codes
ISO 639-1: la
ISO 639-2: lat
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Official status
Official language of: Vatican City
Used for official purposes, but not spoken in everyday speech
Regulated by: Opus Fundatum Latinitas
Roman Catholic Church
Language codes
ISO 639-1: la
ISO 639-2: lat
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A title is a prefix or suffix added to a person's name to signify either veneration, an official position or a professional or academic qualification. In some languages, titles may even be inserted between a first and last name (for example, Graf
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The Roman Empire is the name given to both the imperial domain developed by the city-state of Rome and also the corresponding phase of that civilization, characterized by an autocratic form of government. This article however is about the latter.
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government is a body that has the power to make and the authority to enforce rules and laws within a civil, corporate, religious, academic, or other organization or group.[1]
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For other uses of "Minister," see Minister.
A minister or a secretary is a politician who holds significant public office in a national or regional government...... Click the link for more information.
Cancelli are lattice-work, placed before a window, a door-way, the tribunal of a judge, or any other place. Hence the occupation of Cancellarius, which originally signified a porter who stood at the latticed or grated door of the emperor's palace.
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Christianity
Foundations
Jesus Christ
Church Theology
New Covenant Supersessionism
Dispensationalism
Apostles Kingdom Gospel
History of Christianity Timeline
Bible
Old Testament New Testament
Books Canon Apocrypha
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Foundations
Jesus Christ
Church Theology
New Covenant Supersessionism
Dispensationalism
Apostles Kingdom Gospel
History of Christianity Timeline
Bible
Old Testament New Testament
Books Canon Apocrypha
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Chancellery is the office of the chancellor, sometimes also referred to as the chancery. Both of those words have other meanings as well.
Chancellery can specifically refer to:
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Chancellery can specifically refer to:
- German Federal Chancellery, the office, and department of the Chancellor of Germany
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Herod_Archelaus
