Information about Mary Todd Lincoln
Mary Ann Todd Lincoln (December 13, 1818 – July 16, 1882) was the First Lady of the United States when her husband, Abraham Lincoln, served as the sixteenth President, from 1861 until 1865.
At the age of twenty, in 1839, Mary Todd escaped her stepmother and moved to Springfield, Illinois, where her sister Elizabeth was already living. Although the flirtatious and intelligent Mary Todd was courted by the rising young lawyer and politician Stephen A. Douglas, Mary was unexpectedly attracted by Douglas's lower-status rival and fellow lawyer, Abraham Lincoln. Elizabeth facilitated their courtship and introduced Mary to Abraham on 16 December. It is reported that, on learning her surname was spelled with two "d"s, he retorted "Why? One was enough for God". After a troubled engagement that was marked by at least one breakup, Abraham and Mary Todd Lincoln were married on November 4, 1842. Almost exactly nine months later, on August 1, 1843, their first son, Robert Todd Lincoln, was born.
Abraham Lincoln pursued his increasingly successful career as a Springfield lawyer, and Mary Todd supervised his growing household. Their home together from 1844 until 1861 survives in Springfield, and is now the Lincoln Home National Historic Site. Their children were:
Of these four sons, only Robert and Tad survived into adulthood, and only Robert outlived his mother.
Mary Todd Lincoln was deeply in love with her husband, and sometimes resented his absence from their home as he practiced law and campaigned for political office. During the 1850s, however, Mrs. Lincoln staunchly supported her husband as he faced the growing crisis caused by American slavery. This concluded in Lincoln's election, in November 1860, as President of the United States.
Lincoln's election caused eleven Southern states to secede from the Union. Anti-Union sentiment was very strong in Mrs. Lincoln's home state of Kentucky, one of the four slave states that did not secede. Most upper-class Kentuckians, members of the social stratum into which Mrs. Lincoln had been born, strongly supported the Southern cause.
Mary Lincoln was well-educated and interested in public affairs, and shared her husband's fierce ambition. However, her Southern heritage created obstacles for her that became apparent almost immediately after she took on her new duties as First Lady in March 1861. Some facets of Mrs. Lincoln's character did not help her in facing these challenges. She was temperamentally high-strung and touchy, and sometimes acted irrationally. She was almost instantly unpopular upon her arrival in the capital.
Mr. Lincoln's predecessor, James Buchanan, who had remained unmarried throughout his life, had been unable to fully use the White House for public gatherings under the social rules of the time. As a result, by 1861 the residence was badly worn and shabby. Mary Todd Lincoln determined to repair these gaps, and did so, but the appropriations of public money required came at the same time as public spending was increasing exponentially to fight the American Civil War. Newspapers controlled by the Democratic Party subjected her and the Lincoln administration to scathing criticism. Unfortunately, Mrs. Lincoln's own increasing love of lavish shopping expeditions to New York City and other retail centers made it difficult for her and her husband to counter these hostile assaults.
As the Civil War continued, persistent rumors began to circulate against Mary Todd Lincoln's personal loyalty and integrity. One rumor claimed that Mrs. Lincoln was a Confederate sympathizer, and even a Confederate spy (many of her relatives served in the Confederate forces, and two of her stepbrothers and a brother-in-law died fighting for the South). In reality, Mary Todd was a fervent and tireless supporter of the Union cause. Her visits with Union soldiers in the numerous hospitals in and around Washington went largely unnoticed by her enemies and contemporaries. [1]
Mr. Lincoln staunchly supported his wife against the vicious attacks disseminated by their enemies. One uncorroborated legend states that President Lincoln, upon hearing the rumors, personally vouched for her loyalty to the United States in a surprise appearance before the Committee on the Conduct of the War.
During the Civil War, loyal Americans of Southern heritage, such as Mary Todd Lincoln, faced the dilemma of how to reconcile their cradle education in white supremacy with the new role of African-Americans as a key element of Union strength. Mrs. Lincoln responded to this challenge by accepting the ex-slave dressmaker, Elizabeth Keckley, as her closest White House friend and confidante. Keckley's reminiscences would become an essential element for understanding and interpreting the psychological challenges faced by Mrs. Lincoln in the White House.
Mrs. Lincoln's personal trials continued and worsened in February 1862 with the death of their 11-year-old son Willie. When the boy died of typhoid fever within the walls of the White House, the psychologically battered First Lady almost gave way entirely to her grief. She paid mediums and spiritualists to try to contact the dead boy, only to lose another small fortune the Lincolns could not afford.[2]
Some Lincoln aides and Cabinet members privately considered Mrs. Lincoln to be a liability to the administration. She was ruthlessly criticized, especially behind her back, as a free-spending, overemotional First Lady who tried to climb out of the constraints that were viewed as essential elements of the roles of women in public life. For example, Mr. Lincoln's male aides, John Nicolay and John Hay, privately referred to her as "the hell-cat." [3]
In April 1865, as the Civil War came to an end, Mrs. Lincoln hoped to renew her happiness as the First Lady of a nation at peace. However, on April 14, 1865, as Mary Todd Lincoln sat with her husband to watch the comic play Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre, Mr. Lincoln was mortally wounded by an assassin. Mrs. Lincoln accompanied her husband across the street to the Petersen House, where the President died on the following day, April 15. The traumatic experience conclusively shattered Mary Todd Lincoln. She would never fully recover.
As a widow, Mrs. Lincoln returned to Illinois. In 1868, Mrs. Lincoln's former confidante, Elizabeth Keckley, published Behind the Scenes, (or, Thirty years a slave, and four years in the White House). Although this book has, over time, proved to be an extremely valuable resource in the understanding and appreciation of Mary Todd Lincoln, the former First Lady thought it was a breach of what she had considered to be a close friendship. Mrs. Lincoln was further isolated.
For Mary Todd Lincoln, the death of her son Thomas (Tad), in July 1871, led to an overpowering sense of grief and the gradual onset of depression. Mrs. Lincoln's sole surviving son, Robert T. Lincoln, a rising young Chicago lawyer, misunderstood his mother's illness. Perceiving his mother's free spending of money in ways that did not give her any lasting happiness, and what he considered to be her increasingly eccentric behavior, Robert exercised his rights as Mrs. Lincoln's closest male relative and had the widow deprived of custody over her own person and affairs. In 1875, Mary Todd Lincoln was committed by an Illinois court to Bellevue Place, an insane asylum in Batavia, Illinois. Mrs. Lincoln was not closely confined at Bellevue Place. She was free to walk about the building and its immediate grounds, and was released three months later. However, Mary Todd Lincoln never forgave her eldest son for what she regarded as his betrayal. [4]
Mrs. Lincoln spent the next four years abroad taking up residence in Pau, France. She spent much of this time travelling in Europe. However, the former First Lady's final years were marked by declining health. She suffered from severe cataracts that affected her eyesight. This may have contributed to her increasing susceptibility to falls. In 1879, she suffered spinal cord injuries in a fall from a step ladder. On her return to the United States aboard an ocean liner in 1880, actress Sarah Bernhardt allegedly prevented her from falling down a ship's ladder and sustaining further injury.
During the early 1880s, Mary Todd Lincoln lived, housebound, in the Springfield, Illinois residence of her sister Elizabeth Edwards. She died there on July 16, 1882, aged 63, and was interred within the Lincoln Tomb in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield along with her husband.
The last person known to be of direct Lincoln lineage, Robert's grandson "Bud" Beckwith, died in 1985. [5]
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Early life
Born in Lexington, Kentucky, she was the daughter of Robert Smith Todd and Eliza Parker, Mrs. Todd, prominent residents of the city. They were slaveholders, as were their other relatives. Young Mary Todd's home was what is now known as the Mary Todd Lincoln House, a 14-room upper-class residence in Lexington. There the young Mary Todd endured a difficult relationship with her stepmother, Elizabeth "Betsy" Humphreys Todd.At the age of twenty, in 1839, Mary Todd escaped her stepmother and moved to Springfield, Illinois, where her sister Elizabeth was already living. Although the flirtatious and intelligent Mary Todd was courted by the rising young lawyer and politician Stephen A. Douglas, Mary was unexpectedly attracted by Douglas's lower-status rival and fellow lawyer, Abraham Lincoln. Elizabeth facilitated their courtship and introduced Mary to Abraham on 16 December. It is reported that, on learning her surname was spelled with two "d"s, he retorted "Why? One was enough for God". After a troubled engagement that was marked by at least one breakup, Abraham and Mary Todd Lincoln were married on November 4, 1842. Almost exactly nine months later, on August 1, 1843, their first son, Robert Todd Lincoln, was born.
Abraham Lincoln pursued his increasingly successful career as a Springfield lawyer, and Mary Todd supervised his growing household. Their home together from 1844 until 1861 survives in Springfield, and is now the Lincoln Home National Historic Site. Their children were:
- Robert Todd Lincoln : Springfield, Illinois (August 1, 1843 – July 26, 1926) in Manchester, Vermont
- Edward (Eddie) Baker Lincoln : Springfield (March 10, 1846 – February 1 1850) in Springfield
- William (Willie) Wallace Lincoln : Springfield (December 21, 1850 – February 20, 1862) in Washington, D.C.
- Thomas (Tad) Lincoln : Springfield (April 4, 1853 – July 16, 1871) in Chicago, Illinois.
Of these four sons, only Robert and Tad survived into adulthood, and only Robert outlived his mother.
Mary Todd Lincoln was deeply in love with her husband, and sometimes resented his absence from their home as he practiced law and campaigned for political office. During the 1850s, however, Mrs. Lincoln staunchly supported her husband as he faced the growing crisis caused by American slavery. This concluded in Lincoln's election, in November 1860, as President of the United States.
Lincoln's election caused eleven Southern states to secede from the Union. Anti-Union sentiment was very strong in Mrs. Lincoln's home state of Kentucky, one of the four slave states that did not secede. Most upper-class Kentuckians, members of the social stratum into which Mrs. Lincoln had been born, strongly supported the Southern cause.
First Lady
)
Mary Todd Lincoln in 1846.
Mr. Lincoln's predecessor, James Buchanan, who had remained unmarried throughout his life, had been unable to fully use the White House for public gatherings under the social rules of the time. As a result, by 1861 the residence was badly worn and shabby. Mary Todd Lincoln determined to repair these gaps, and did so, but the appropriations of public money required came at the same time as public spending was increasing exponentially to fight the American Civil War. Newspapers controlled by the Democratic Party subjected her and the Lincoln administration to scathing criticism. Unfortunately, Mrs. Lincoln's own increasing love of lavish shopping expeditions to New York City and other retail centers made it difficult for her and her husband to counter these hostile assaults.
As the Civil War continued, persistent rumors began to circulate against Mary Todd Lincoln's personal loyalty and integrity. One rumor claimed that Mrs. Lincoln was a Confederate sympathizer, and even a Confederate spy (many of her relatives served in the Confederate forces, and two of her stepbrothers and a brother-in-law died fighting for the South). In reality, Mary Todd was a fervent and tireless supporter of the Union cause. Her visits with Union soldiers in the numerous hospitals in and around Washington went largely unnoticed by her enemies and contemporaries. [1]
Mr. Lincoln staunchly supported his wife against the vicious attacks disseminated by their enemies. One uncorroborated legend states that President Lincoln, upon hearing the rumors, personally vouched for her loyalty to the United States in a surprise appearance before the Committee on the Conduct of the War.
)
Mary Todd Lincoln
During the Civil War, loyal Americans of Southern heritage, such as Mary Todd Lincoln, faced the dilemma of how to reconcile their cradle education in white supremacy with the new role of African-Americans as a key element of Union strength. Mrs. Lincoln responded to this challenge by accepting the ex-slave dressmaker, Elizabeth Keckley, as her closest White House friend and confidante. Keckley's reminiscences would become an essential element for understanding and interpreting the psychological challenges faced by Mrs. Lincoln in the White House.
Mrs. Lincoln's personal trials continued and worsened in February 1862 with the death of their 11-year-old son Willie. When the boy died of typhoid fever within the walls of the White House, the psychologically battered First Lady almost gave way entirely to her grief. She paid mediums and spiritualists to try to contact the dead boy, only to lose another small fortune the Lincolns could not afford.[2]
Some Lincoln aides and Cabinet members privately considered Mrs. Lincoln to be a liability to the administration. She was ruthlessly criticized, especially behind her back, as a free-spending, overemotional First Lady who tried to climb out of the constraints that were viewed as essential elements of the roles of women in public life. For example, Mr. Lincoln's male aides, John Nicolay and John Hay, privately referred to her as "the hell-cat." [3]
Assassination survivor and later life
)
The assassination of Abraham Lincoln. From left to right: Henry Rathbone, Clara Harris, Mary Todd Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln and John Wilkes Booth.
In April 1865, as the Civil War came to an end, Mrs. Lincoln hoped to renew her happiness as the First Lady of a nation at peace. However, on April 14, 1865, as Mary Todd Lincoln sat with her husband to watch the comic play Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre, Mr. Lincoln was mortally wounded by an assassin. Mrs. Lincoln accompanied her husband across the street to the Petersen House, where the President died on the following day, April 15. The traumatic experience conclusively shattered Mary Todd Lincoln. She would never fully recover.
As a widow, Mrs. Lincoln returned to Illinois. In 1868, Mrs. Lincoln's former confidante, Elizabeth Keckley, published Behind the Scenes, (or, Thirty years a slave, and four years in the White House). Although this book has, over time, proved to be an extremely valuable resource in the understanding and appreciation of Mary Todd Lincoln, the former First Lady thought it was a breach of what she had considered to be a close friendship. Mrs. Lincoln was further isolated.
For Mary Todd Lincoln, the death of her son Thomas (Tad), in July 1871, led to an overpowering sense of grief and the gradual onset of depression. Mrs. Lincoln's sole surviving son, Robert T. Lincoln, a rising young Chicago lawyer, misunderstood his mother's illness. Perceiving his mother's free spending of money in ways that did not give her any lasting happiness, and what he considered to be her increasingly eccentric behavior, Robert exercised his rights as Mrs. Lincoln's closest male relative and had the widow deprived of custody over her own person and affairs. In 1875, Mary Todd Lincoln was committed by an Illinois court to Bellevue Place, an insane asylum in Batavia, Illinois. Mrs. Lincoln was not closely confined at Bellevue Place. She was free to walk about the building and its immediate grounds, and was released three months later. However, Mary Todd Lincoln never forgave her eldest son for what she regarded as his betrayal. [4]
Mrs. Lincoln spent the next four years abroad taking up residence in Pau, France. She spent much of this time travelling in Europe. However, the former First Lady's final years were marked by declining health. She suffered from severe cataracts that affected her eyesight. This may have contributed to her increasing susceptibility to falls. In 1879, she suffered spinal cord injuries in a fall from a step ladder. On her return to the United States aboard an ocean liner in 1880, actress Sarah Bernhardt allegedly prevented her from falling down a ship's ladder and sustaining further injury.
Death
)
Mary Todd Lincoln's crypt
Descendants
Mrs. Lincoln had only one child, Robert Todd Lincoln, who lived to adulthood. Of Robert's children, Jessie Harlan Lincoln Beckwith (1875 - 1948) had two children (Mary Lincoln Beckwith ["Peggy," 1898 - 1975] and Robert ("Bud") Todd Lincoln Beckwith (1904 - 1985), neither of whom had children of their own. Robert's other daughter, Mary Todd Lincoln ("Mamie") (1869 - 1938) married Charles Bradley Isham in 1891. They had one son, Lincoln Isham (1892 - 1971). Lincoln Isham married Leahalma Correa in 1919, but died without children.The last person known to be of direct Lincoln lineage, Robert's grandson "Bud" Beckwith, died in 1985. [5]
Trivia
- Her great uncle John Todd was killed in the last battle of the American Revolution-the Battle of Blue Licks.
- Her sister Elizabeth Todd was the daughter-in-law of Illinois Governor Ninian Edwards. Elizabeth's daughter Julia Edwards married Edward L. Baker, editor of the "Illinois State Journal" and son of Congressman David Jewett Baker.
- Her half sister Emilie Todd married CS General Benjamin Hardin Helm, son of Kentucky Governor John L. Helm. Governor Helm's wife was a 1st cousin 3 times removed of Colonel John Hardin who was related to three Kentucky congressman.
- A cousin was Kentucky Congressman/US General John Blair Smith Todd.
- Her nephew William L. Todd created the original Bear Flag for the California Republic in 1846.
- In 1880 the French actress Sarah Bernhardt saved Mrs. Lincoln from serious injury during an Atlantic crossing when the ship they were traveling on, L'Amerique, was hit by an enorumous wave that knocked Mrs. Lincoln down and sent her rolling across the deck toward a companionway. As she was about to plunge headfirst down the stairs, Bernhardt was able to grab one of her legs and save her.
See also
External links
- Mary Todd Lincoln House (National Park Service)
- Mary Todd Lincoln House (Official Home Page)
- Mary Todd Lincoln Research Site
- Mary Todd Lincoln in 1862 Harper's Weekly Newspaper
- Especially for students - An Overview of Mary Todd Lincoln's Life
- Mr. Lincoln's White House: Mary Todd Lincoln
- "Wet with Blood," Research Project on Mary Todd Lincoln's Cloak, Chicago History Museum (formerly Chicago Historical Society)
References
1. ^ Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln, Simon & Schuster, 2005 (ISBN 0-684-82490-6).
2. ^ Mary Todd & Abraham Lincoln Research Site
3. ^ Simmons, Dawn Langley (1970). A Rose For Mrs. Lincoln. Beacon. ISBN 0807054488.Beacon&rft.isbn=0807054488">
4. ^ Doug Wead, All the Presidents' Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America's First Families, Simon & Shuster, 2003, p. 179. ISBN 074344633X
5. ^ Mark E. Neely, Jr., The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1982 (ISBN 0-07-046145-7).
2. ^ Mary Todd & Abraham Lincoln Research Site
3. ^ Simmons, Dawn Langley (1970). A Rose For Mrs. Lincoln. Beacon. ISBN 0807054488.Beacon&rft.isbn=0807054488">
4. ^ Doug Wead, All the Presidents' Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America's First Families, Simon & Shuster, 2003, p. 179. ISBN 074344633X
5. ^ Mark E. Neely, Jr., The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1982 (ISBN 0-07-046145-7).
| Honorary titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Harriet Lane | First Lady of the United States 1861 – 1865 | Succeeded by Eliza McCardle Johnson |
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Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the sixteenth President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1861 until his death on April 15, 1865. As an outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery, he won the Republican Party nomination in 1860 and was
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Lexington, Kentucky
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Slavery is a social-economic system under which certain persons — known as slaves — are deprived of personal freedom and compelled to perform labour or services.
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Mary Todd Lincoln House at 578 West Main Street in Lexington, Kentucky was the family home of the future first lady and wife of the 16th President. The two story home was the home of Robert S. Todd and his family. The family moved to the home in 1832.
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The Illinois State Capitol in Springfield, Illinois, built 1868–1888.
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Stephen Arnold Douglas (April 23, 1813 - June 3, 1861) was an American politician from the western state of Illinois, and was the Democratic Party nominee for President in 1860.
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Robert Todd Lincoln (August 1, 1843 – July 26, 1926) was the first son of Abraham Lincoln and Mary Ann Todd. Born in Springfield, Illinois, United States, he was the only one of President Lincoln's four sons to reach the age of maturity.
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Location Illinois, USA
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Nearest city Springfield, Illinois
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Area 12.24 acres (49,530 m²)
Established August 18, 1971
Total visitation 419,552 (in 2005)
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Robert Todd Lincoln (August 1, 1843 – July 26, 1926) was the first son of Abraham Lincoln and Mary Ann Todd. Born in Springfield, Illinois, United States, he was the only one of President Lincoln's four sons to reach the age of maturity.
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City of Springfield
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The Illinois State Capitol in Springfield, Illinois, built 1868–1888.
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Manchester is a town in, and one of two shire towns of, Bennington County, Vermont, United States. The population was 4,180 at the 2000 census. Manchester has become a tourist destination, especially for those from New York and Connecticut, offering visitors national chain
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Edward Baker "Eddie" Lincoln (March 10, 1846 – February 1, 1850) was the second son of Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd Lincoln. He was named after Lincoln's friend Edward Dickinson Baker.
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