Information about Astrid Kirchherr
Astrid Kirchherr (born 20 May 1938) is a German photographer and artist, and is well-known for her association with The Beatles (along with her friends Klaus Voorman and Jürgen Vollmer) and her photographs of The Beatles while they were in Hamburg. Kirchherr met artist Stuart Sutcliffe in the Kaiserkeller bar in Hamburg in 1960, where he was playing bass with The Beatles, and was later engaged to him before his untimely death in 1962.
Although Kirchherr admitted that she has taken very few photographs since 1967, her early work has been exhibited in Hamburg, Bremen, London, Liverpool, New York City, Washington, D.C., Tokyo, Vienna, and at the Rock 'n' Roll Hall of Fame. Kirchherr has published three limited edition books of photographs.
After her graduation Kirchherr enrolled in the Meisterschule für Mode, Textil, Graphik und Werbung in Hamburg, as she wanted to study fashion design, but demonstrated a talent for black-and-white photography.[2][3] Reinhard Wolf, the school's main photographic tutor, convinced her to switch courses and promised that he would hire her as his assistant when she graduated.[4] Kirchherr worked for Wolf as his assistant from 1959 until 1963.[5][6]
In the late 1950s and early '60s Kirchherr and her art school friends were involved with the European existentialist movement, whose followers were nicknamed Exies by John Lennon.[7] In 1995, she told BBC Radio Merseyside:
Kirchherr, Voormann, and Vollmer were friends who had all attended the Meisterschule, and shared the same ideas about fashion, culture and music. In 1960, after Kirchherr and Vollmer had had an argument with Voormann, he wandered down the Reeperbahn (in the St.Pauli district of Hamburg) and heard music coming from the Kaiserkeller club. Voormann walked in and watched a performance by a group called The Silver Beetles.[8] Voormann asked Kirchherr and Vollmer to listen to this new music, and after visiting the Kaiserkeller the next day, Kirchherr decided that all she wanted to do was to be as close to The Silver Beatles as she could.[9] They had never heard this new music called Rock n' Roll before, having previously only listened to Trad jazz, with some Nat King Cole and The Platters mixed in.[7][11] The trio then visited the Kaiserkeller almost every night—arriving at 9 o'clock and sitting by the front of the stage.[12] Kirchherr later said:
Sutcliffe was fascinated by the trio, but especially Kirchherr, and thought they looked like "real bohemians". Bill Harry later said that when Kirchherr walked in, every head would immediately turn her way, and that she always captivated the whole room.[7] Sutcliffe wrote to a friend that he could hardly take his eyes off her, and had tried to talk to Kirchherr during the next break, but she had already left the club. This was due to the strict German law at the time which prohibited young people from frequenting bars after 10 o'clock at night.[12]
Sutcliffe managed to meet them eventually, and learned that all three had attended the Meisterschule, which was the same type of art college that Lennon and Sutcliffe had attended in Liverpool.[7] Kirchherr asked The Beatles if they would mind letting her take photographs of them in a photo session, which impressed them, as other groups only had snapshots that were taken by friends. The next morning Kirchherr took photographs in a municipal park called "der Dom" which was close to the Reeperbahn, and in the afternoon she took them all (minus Best who decided not to go) to her mother's house in Altona.[16] Kirchherr's bedroom (which was all in black, including the furniture, with silver foil on the walls and a large tree branch suspended from the ceiling) was decorated especially for Voormann, whom she had a relationship with, although after the visits to the Kaiserkeller their relationship became purely platonic. Kirchherr started dating Sutcliffe, although she always remained close friends with Voormann.[5][18]
After meeting Kirchherr, Lennon filled his letters to Cynthia Powell (his girlfriend at the time) with "Astrid said this, Astrid did that" which made Powell jealous, until she read that Sutcliffe was in a relationship with Kirchherr.[19] When Powell visited Hamburg with Dot Rhone (Paul McCartney's girlfriend at the time) in April 1961, they stayed at Kirchherr's house.[20] In August 1963, Kirchherr met Lennon and Cynthia Lennon in Paris while they both there for a belated honeymoon, as Kirchherr was there with a girlfriend for a few days holiday. The four of them went from wine bar to wine bar, and finally ended up back at Kirchherr's lodgings, where all four fell asleep on Kirchherr's single bed.[21]
The Beatles met Kirchherr again in Hamburg in 1966, when they were touring Germany. Kirchherr gave Lennon the letters he had written to Sutcliffe during 1961 and 1962, and Lennon said that it was, "The best present I've had in years".[22]
In 1995, Kirchherr told BBC Radio Merseyside:
Stuart Sutcliffe wrote to friends that he was infatuated by Kirchherr, and asked her friends which colours, films, books and painters she liked, and who she fancied. Best commented that the beginning of their relationship was, "like one of those fairy stories".[23] Kirchherr and Sutcliffe got engaged in November 1960, and exchanged rings, as is the German custom.[24] Sutcliffe later wrote to his parents that he was engaged to Kirchherr, which they were shocked to learn, as they thought he would give up his career as an artist.[25] Sutcliffe later borrowed money from Kirchherr for the airfare to fly back to Liverpool in February 1961, although he returned to Hamburg in March.[26][27]
Kirchherr and Sutcliffe went to Liverpool in the summer of 1961, as Kirchherr wanted to meet Sutcliffe's family (and to see Liverpool) before their marriage. Everybody was expecting a strange beatnik artist from Hamburg, but Kirchherr turned up at the Sutcliffe's house in Aigburth, Liverpool, bearing a single long-stemmed orchid in her hand as a present, and dressed in a round-necked cashmere sweater and tailored skirt.[28]
Sutcliffe collapsed in the middle of an art class in Hamburg. He was suffering from intense headaches, and Kirchherr's mother had German doctors perform various checks on him, although they were unable to determine exactly what was causing the headaches. While living at the Kirchherrs' house in Hamburg his condition got worse. On 10 April 1962, Sutcliffe was taken to a hospital—Kirchherr rode with him in the ambulance—but Sutcliffe died before the ambulance reached the hospital.[29] Three days later Kirchherr met The Beatles at the Hamburg airport, and told them that Sutcliffe had died from a brain haemorrhage.[30]
In 1964 Kirchherr became a freelance photographer, and with her colleague Max Scheler she took "behind the scenes" photographs of The Beatles during the filming of "A Hard Day's Night", as an assignment for the German STERN magazine.[31] Harrison later asked Kirchherr to arrange the cover of his Wonderwall Music album in 1969.[31]
Kirchherr and Scheler put an advertisement in the Liverpool Echo in 1964, stating that any group who wanted their photograph taken in front of St. George's Hall would be paid £1 per musician, but over 200 groups turned up on the day, which meant Kirchherr and Scheler soon ran out of money.[31][32]
Kirchherr didn't publish the photographs until 1995, in a book called Liverpool Days, which is a limited edition collection of black-and-white photographs.[31] In 1999, a companion book called Hamburg days was published (a two-volume limited edition) containing a set of photographs by Kirchherr and "memory drawings" by Voormann. The drawings are recollections of places and situations that Voormann clearly remembers, but Kirchherr had never photographed, or had lost the photographs.[33] Kirchherr was quoted as saying that When We Was Fab (Genesis Publications 2007) would be her last book of photographs:
Kirchherr has expressed respect for other photographers, such as Annie Leibowitz (because of the humour in her work) Irving Penn, Richard Avedon, Jim Rakete and Reinhard Wolf (German Wikipedia) and french film-makers François Truffaut, and Jean Cocteau.[35]
Kirchherr said that her favourite photos are the ones she took of Sutcliffe by the Baltic sea, and of Lennon and George Harrison in her attic room at Eimsbütteler Strasse. She has expressed reservations about digital photography, saying that a photographer should concentrate on the art of photography and not on the technical results, although admitting that she knows nothing about computers, and is "afraid of the internet".[35]
Kirchherr admits that she is not good at business as she is not organised enough, and has never really looked after the negatives of her photographs to prove ownership.[31] Her business partner Ulf Krüger—a songwriter and record producer—successfully found many of Astrid's negatives and photographs and had them copyrighted, although he believes that Kirchherr has lost £500,000 over the years because of people using her photographs without permission.[31]
In July 2001 Kirchherr visited Liverpool to open an exhibition of her work at the Mathew Street art gallery, which is close to the former site of the Cavern Club.[36] She appeared as a guest at the city's Beatles' Week Festival during the August Bank Holiday.[37] Kirchherr's work has been exhibited internationally in places such as, Hamburg, Bremen, London, Liverpool, New York City, Washington, D.C., Tokyo, Vienna, and at the Rock 'n' Roll Hall of Fame.[38]
Kirchherr worked as an advisor on the film Backbeat, which portrayed Kirchherr, Sutcliffe and The Beatles during their early days in Hamburg.[31] She was especially impressed with Stephen Dorff (who played Sutcliffe in the film) commenting that he was the right age (19-years-old at the time) and the way he smoked, talked and gestures were so like Sutcliffe's that she had goose pimples. Kirchherr was portrayed in the film by actress Sheryl Lee.[31]
Since the mid-1990s Kirchherr and Krüger have operated the K&K photography shop in Hamburg, offering custom vintage prints, books and artwork for sale. K&K periodically helps arrange Beatles' conventions and other Beatles-related events in the Hamburg area.[6]
Although Kirchherr admitted that she has taken very few photographs since 1967, her early work has been exhibited in Hamburg, Bremen, London, Liverpool, New York City, Washington, D.C., Tokyo, Vienna, and at the Rock 'n' Roll Hall of Fame. Kirchherr has published three limited edition books of photographs.
Early life
Astrid Kirchherr was born in 1938 in Hamburg, Germany, and is the daughter of a former executive of the German branch of the Ford Motor Company. During World War II she was evacuated to the safety of the Baltic Sea, where she remembered seeing dead bodies on the shore after the ships Cap Arcona and the SS Deutschland had been bombed and sunk, and the destruction in Hamburg when she returned.[1] Following her father's death she was raised by her mother, Nielsa Kirchherr, in Eimsbütteler Strasse in the wealthy Hamburg suburb of Altona.After her graduation Kirchherr enrolled in the Meisterschule für Mode, Textil, Graphik und Werbung in Hamburg, as she wanted to study fashion design, but demonstrated a talent for black-and-white photography.[2][3] Reinhard Wolf, the school's main photographic tutor, convinced her to switch courses and promised that he would hire her as his assistant when she graduated.[4] Kirchherr worked for Wolf as his assistant from 1959 until 1963.[5][6]
In the late 1950s and early '60s Kirchherr and her art school friends were involved with the European existentialist movement, whose followers were nicknamed Exies by John Lennon.[7] In 1995, she told BBC Radio Merseyside:
| Insert the text of the quote here, without quotation marks. |
The Beatles
)
Print cover featuring an early photo of The Beatles, signed by Astrid Kirchherr.
| Insert the text of the quote here, without quotation marks. |
Sutcliffe was fascinated by the trio, but especially Kirchherr, and thought they looked like "real bohemians". Bill Harry later said that when Kirchherr walked in, every head would immediately turn her way, and that she always captivated the whole room.[7] Sutcliffe wrote to a friend that he could hardly take his eyes off her, and had tried to talk to Kirchherr during the next break, but she had already left the club. This was due to the strict German law at the time which prohibited young people from frequenting bars after 10 o'clock at night.[12]
Sutcliffe managed to meet them eventually, and learned that all three had attended the Meisterschule, which was the same type of art college that Lennon and Sutcliffe had attended in Liverpool.[7] Kirchherr asked The Beatles if they would mind letting her take photographs of them in a photo session, which impressed them, as other groups only had snapshots that were taken by friends. The next morning Kirchherr took photographs in a municipal park called "der Dom" which was close to the Reeperbahn, and in the afternoon she took them all (minus Best who decided not to go) to her mother's house in Altona.[16] Kirchherr's bedroom (which was all in black, including the furniture, with silver foil on the walls and a large tree branch suspended from the ceiling) was decorated especially for Voormann, whom she had a relationship with, although after the visits to the Kaiserkeller their relationship became purely platonic. Kirchherr started dating Sutcliffe, although she always remained close friends with Voormann.[5][18]
After meeting Kirchherr, Lennon filled his letters to Cynthia Powell (his girlfriend at the time) with "Astrid said this, Astrid did that" which made Powell jealous, until she read that Sutcliffe was in a relationship with Kirchherr.[19] When Powell visited Hamburg with Dot Rhone (Paul McCartney's girlfriend at the time) in April 1961, they stayed at Kirchherr's house.[20] In August 1963, Kirchherr met Lennon and Cynthia Lennon in Paris while they both there for a belated honeymoon, as Kirchherr was there with a girlfriend for a few days holiday. The four of them went from wine bar to wine bar, and finally ended up back at Kirchherr's lodgings, where all four fell asleep on Kirchherr's single bed.[21]
The Beatles met Kirchherr again in Hamburg in 1966, when they were touring Germany. Kirchherr gave Lennon the letters he had written to Sutcliffe during 1961 and 1962, and Lennon said that it was, "The best present I've had in years".[22]
The Beatles' haircut
Kirchherr is credited with inventing the Beatles' moptop haircut, although she disagrees, and is quoted in The Beatles Off The Record by Keith Badman as saying:| Insert the text of the quote here, without quotation marks. |
In 1995, Kirchherr told BBC Radio Merseyside:
| Insert the text of the quote here, without quotation marks. |
Stuart Sutcliffe
)
Sutcliffe and Kirchherr in 1960.
Kirchherr and Sutcliffe went to Liverpool in the summer of 1961, as Kirchherr wanted to meet Sutcliffe's family (and to see Liverpool) before their marriage. Everybody was expecting a strange beatnik artist from Hamburg, but Kirchherr turned up at the Sutcliffe's house in Aigburth, Liverpool, bearing a single long-stemmed orchid in her hand as a present, and dressed in a round-necked cashmere sweater and tailored skirt.[28]
Sutcliffe collapsed in the middle of an art class in Hamburg. He was suffering from intense headaches, and Kirchherr's mother had German doctors perform various checks on him, although they were unable to determine exactly what was causing the headaches. While living at the Kirchherrs' house in Hamburg his condition got worse. On 10 April 1962, Sutcliffe was taken to a hospital—Kirchherr rode with him in the ambulance—but Sutcliffe died before the ambulance reached the hospital.[29] Three days later Kirchherr met The Beatles at the Hamburg airport, and told them that Sutcliffe had died from a brain haemorrhage.[30]
Photography
Kirchherr talked about how difficult it was to be accepted as a female photographer in the 1960s:| Insert the text of the quote here, without quotation marks. |
In 1964 Kirchherr became a freelance photographer, and with her colleague Max Scheler she took "behind the scenes" photographs of The Beatles during the filming of "A Hard Day's Night", as an assignment for the German STERN magazine.[31] Harrison later asked Kirchherr to arrange the cover of his Wonderwall Music album in 1969.[31]
Kirchherr and Scheler put an advertisement in the Liverpool Echo in 1964, stating that any group who wanted their photograph taken in front of St. George's Hall would be paid £1 per musician, but over 200 groups turned up on the day, which meant Kirchherr and Scheler soon ran out of money.[31][32]
Kirchherr didn't publish the photographs until 1995, in a book called Liverpool Days, which is a limited edition collection of black-and-white photographs.[31] In 1999, a companion book called Hamburg days was published (a two-volume limited edition) containing a set of photographs by Kirchherr and "memory drawings" by Voormann. The drawings are recollections of places and situations that Voormann clearly remembers, but Kirchherr had never photographed, or had lost the photographs.[33] Kirchherr was quoted as saying that When We Was Fab (Genesis Publications 2007) would be her last book of photographs:
| I have decided it is time to create one book in which I am totally involved so that it contains the pictures I like most, printed the way I would print them, even down to the text and design.... This book is me and that is why it will be the last one. The very last one.[34] |
Kirchherr has expressed respect for other photographers, such as Annie Leibowitz (because of the humour in her work) Irving Penn, Richard Avedon, Jim Rakete and Reinhard Wolf (German Wikipedia) and french film-makers François Truffaut, and Jean Cocteau.[35]
Kirchherr said that her favourite photos are the ones she took of Sutcliffe by the Baltic sea, and of Lennon and George Harrison in her attic room at Eimsbütteler Strasse. She has expressed reservations about digital photography, saying that a photographer should concentrate on the art of photography and not on the technical results, although admitting that she knows nothing about computers, and is "afraid of the internet".[35]
Kirchherr admits that she is not good at business as she is not organised enough, and has never really looked after the negatives of her photographs to prove ownership.[31] Her business partner Ulf Krüger—a songwriter and record producer—successfully found many of Astrid's negatives and photographs and had them copyrighted, although he believes that Kirchherr has lost £500,000 over the years because of people using her photographs without permission.[31]
In July 2001 Kirchherr visited Liverpool to open an exhibition of her work at the Mathew Street art gallery, which is close to the former site of the Cavern Club.[36] She appeared as a guest at the city's Beatles' Week Festival during the August Bank Holiday.[37] Kirchherr's work has been exhibited internationally in places such as, Hamburg, Bremen, London, Liverpool, New York City, Washington, D.C., Tokyo, Vienna, and at the Rock 'n' Roll Hall of Fame.[38]
Later life
In 1967, Kirchherr married English drummer Gibson Kemp, who had replaced Ringo Starr in Rory Storm and the Hurricanes.[39] The marriage ended in divorce after seven years.[7] Astrid subsequently married a German businessman, but they divorced in 1985.[41]Kirchherr worked as an advisor on the film Backbeat, which portrayed Kirchherr, Sutcliffe and The Beatles during their early days in Hamburg.[31] She was especially impressed with Stephen Dorff (who played Sutcliffe in the film) commenting that he was the right age (19-years-old at the time) and the way he smoked, talked and gestures were so like Sutcliffe's that she had goose pimples. Kirchherr was portrayed in the film by actress Sheryl Lee.[31]
Since the mid-1990s Kirchherr and Krüger have operated the K&K photography shop in Hamburg, offering custom vintage prints, books and artwork for sale. K&K periodically helps arrange Beatles' conventions and other Beatles-related events in the Hamburg area.[6]
Notes
1. ^ Evacuated to the Baltic sea retrosellers.com - Retrieved: 8 May 2007
2. ^ Exhibition page gallery2.redferns.com - Retrieved: 21 May 2007
3. ^ Meisterschule - city plan of Hamburg google.co.uk - Retrieved: 10 May 2007
4. ^ Bill Harry, The Encyclopedia of Beatles People.
5. ^ Miles 1998. p64
6. ^ Astrid’s K&K page center-of-beat.com - Retrieved: 5 May 2007
7. ^ Spitz 2005. p222
8. ^ Klaus Voormann Biography beatlemaniashoppe.com - Retrieved: 26 April 2007
9. ^ Miles 1998. p61
10. ^ Spitz 2005. p222
11. ^ Miles 1998. p62
12. ^ Spitz 2005. p221
13. ^ Spitz 2005. p222
14. ^ Spitz 2005. p221
15. ^ Spitz 2005. p222
16. ^ Spitz 2005. p223
17. ^ Miles 1998. p64
18. ^ Spitz 2005. p224
19. ^ Cynthia Lennon – “John” 2006. p78
20. ^ Cynthia Lennon – “John” 2006. p91
21. ^ Cynthia Lennon – “John” 2006. pp162-163
22. ^ Spitz 2005. p614
23. ^ Spitz 2005. p225
24. ^ Miles 1998. p65
25. ^ Spitz 2005. p235
26. ^ Spitz 2005. p230
27. ^ Spitz 2005. p242
28. ^ Spitz 2005. p278
29. ^ Cynthia Lennon– “John”. p110.
30. ^ Spitz 2005. p305
31. ^ Astrid and "A Hard Days Night" rockstore.net - Retrieved: 7 May 2007
32. ^ "Liverpool Days" book genesis-publications.com - Retrieved: 21 May 2007
33. ^ Genesis books – Hamburg Days genesis-publications.com - Retrieved: 23 May 2007
34. ^ “When We Was Fab” book genesis-publications.com - Retrieved: 23 May 2007
35. ^ Interview with Astrid retrosellers.com - Retrieved: 21 May 2007
36. ^ Mathew Street Gallery info merseyguide.co.uk - Retrieved: 23 May 2007
37. ^ Visit to Beatles’ Week (12 July, 2001 - bbc.co.uk) Retrieved: 21 May 2007
38. ^ International exhibitions center-of-beat.com - Retrieved: 9 May 2007
39. ^ Kemp’s marriage to Kirchherr oea.shu.ru/millennium - Retrieved: 27 May 2007
40. ^ Spitz 2005. p222
41. ^ Astrid’s quotes geocities.com - Retrieved: 13 May 2007
42. ^ Astrid’s K&K page center-of-beat.com - Retrieved: 5 May 2007
2. ^ Exhibition page gallery2.redferns.com - Retrieved: 21 May 2007
3. ^ Meisterschule - city plan of Hamburg google.co.uk - Retrieved: 10 May 2007
4. ^ Bill Harry, The Encyclopedia of Beatles People.
5. ^ Miles 1998. p64
6. ^ Astrid’s K&K page center-of-beat.com - Retrieved: 5 May 2007
7. ^ Spitz 2005. p222
8. ^ Klaus Voormann Biography beatlemaniashoppe.com - Retrieved: 26 April 2007
9. ^ Miles 1998. p61
10. ^ Spitz 2005. p222
11. ^ Miles 1998. p62
12. ^ Spitz 2005. p221
13. ^ Spitz 2005. p222
14. ^ Spitz 2005. p221
15. ^ Spitz 2005. p222
16. ^ Spitz 2005. p223
17. ^ Miles 1998. p64
18. ^ Spitz 2005. p224
19. ^ Cynthia Lennon – “John” 2006. p78
20. ^ Cynthia Lennon – “John” 2006. p91
21. ^ Cynthia Lennon – “John” 2006. pp162-163
22. ^ Spitz 2005. p614
23. ^ Spitz 2005. p225
24. ^ Miles 1998. p65
25. ^ Spitz 2005. p235
26. ^ Spitz 2005. p230
27. ^ Spitz 2005. p242
28. ^ Spitz 2005. p278
29. ^ Cynthia Lennon– “John”. p110.
30. ^ Spitz 2005. p305
31. ^ Astrid and "A Hard Days Night" rockstore.net - Retrieved: 7 May 2007
32. ^ "Liverpool Days" book genesis-publications.com - Retrieved: 21 May 2007
33. ^ Genesis books – Hamburg Days genesis-publications.com - Retrieved: 23 May 2007
34. ^ “When We Was Fab” book genesis-publications.com - Retrieved: 23 May 2007
35. ^ Interview with Astrid retrosellers.com - Retrieved: 21 May 2007
36. ^ Mathew Street Gallery info merseyguide.co.uk - Retrieved: 23 May 2007
37. ^ Visit to Beatles’ Week (12 July, 2001 - bbc.co.uk) Retrieved: 21 May 2007
38. ^ International exhibitions center-of-beat.com - Retrieved: 9 May 2007
39. ^ Kemp’s marriage to Kirchherr oea.shu.ru/millennium - Retrieved: 27 May 2007
40. ^ Spitz 2005. p222
41. ^ Astrid’s quotes geocities.com - Retrieved: 13 May 2007
42. ^ Astrid’s K&K page center-of-beat.com - Retrieved: 5 May 2007
References
- Badman, Keith (2000). The Beatles Off The Record. Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-7985-5.
- Harry, Bill (1997). The Encyclopedia of Beatles People . Blandford Press (London). ISBN 978-0713726060.London%29">
- Lennon, Cynthia (2006). John. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-89828-3.
- Miles, Barry (1998). Many Years From Now. Vintage-Random House. ISBN 0-7493-8658-4.
- Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Little, Brown and Company (New York). ISBN 1-84513-160-6.
External links
- K&K photography shop
- Self portrait
- Biography
- Interview
- Hamburg Days Book featuring the photography of Astrid Kirchherr and artwork of Klaus Voorman, introduced by George Harrison
- Fan site
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Klaus Voormann (born 29 April 1938) is a German artist, musician, and record producer who is notable for his long association with the The Beatles, for whom he designed the cover of their album Revolver
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Stuart Fergusson Victor Sutcliffe (23 June 1940 – 10 April 1962) was a British musician and artist.
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Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is a museum in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, dedicated to recording the history of some of the best-known and most influential artists, producers, and other people who have in some major way influenced the music industry, particularly in the
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Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg
Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg
Flag Coat of arms
Details
Location
Coordinates
Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Administration
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Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg
Flag Coat of arms
Details
Location
Coordinates
Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Administration
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Anthem
"Das Lied der Deutschen" (third stanza)
also called "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit"
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"Das Lied der Deutschen" (third stanza)
also called "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit"
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Executive may refer to:
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- Executive (government), a branch of government or local authority
- Executive order, is an edict issued by a member of the executive branch of a government
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Editing of this page by unregistered or newly registered users is currently disabled due to vandalism.
If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or .
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Allied powers:
Soviet Union
United States
United Kingdom
China
France
...et al. Axis powers:
Germany
Japan
Italy
...et al.
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Soviet Union
United States
United Kingdom
China
France
...et al. Axis powers:
Germany
Japan
Italy
...et al.
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Baltic Sea is located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 20°E to 26°E longitude. It is bounded by the Scandinavian Peninsula, the mainland of Europe, and the Danish islands. It drains into the Kattegat by way of the Øresund, the Great Belt and the Little Belt.
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Cap Arcona was a large German luxury ocean liner formerly of the Hamburg-South America line that became a German Hell Ship. It was sunk in 1945 with the loss of many lives while laden with prisoners from concentration camps.
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SS Deutschland [1] was a 21,000 ton German HAPAG ocean liner sunk in a British air attack in 1945, with great loss of life.
One of a group of four that began with the Albert Ballin, Deutschland was launched on 28 April 1923.
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One of a group of four that began with the Albert Ballin, Deutschland was launched on 28 April 1923.
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Altona (IPA: [ˈaltona]) is the westernmost district (Bezirk) of the city of Hamburg in Germany, on the right bank of the Elbe.
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History
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Graduation is the action of receiving or conferring an academic degree or the associated ceremony. The date of event is often called degree day. The event itself is also called commencement, convocation or invocation.
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Fashion design is the applied art dedicated to the design of clothing and lifestyle accessories created within the cultural and social influences of a specific time.
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Herod_Archelaus
