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Abbott and Costello William (Bud) Abbott and Lou Costello (born Louis Francis Cristillo) were an American comedy duo whose work in radio, film and television made them one of the most popular teams in the history of comedy. Thanks to the endurance of their most popular and influential routine, "Who's on First?" — whose rapid-fire word play and comprehension confusion set the preponderant framework for most of their best-known routines — the team is, as a result, featured in the Baseball Hall of Fame. (Contrary to popular belief, however, the duo was not inducted into the Hall). Bud Abbott was born in Asbury Park, NJ, October 2, 1895 and died April 24, 1974 in Woodland Hills, California. Lou Costello was born in Paterson, NJ, March 6, 1906 and died March 3, 1959 in East Los Angeles, California.

The Burlesque Years

The two comedians first worked together in 1935 at the Eltinge Burlesque Theater on 42nd Street in New York.

Abbott was a veteran burlesque entertainer from a show business family, who had worked at Coney Island and ran his own burlesque touring companies. He worked as a straight man with his wife Betty, and with veteran comedians like Harry Steppe and Harry Evanson. When he met his future partner in comedy, Abbott was performing in Minsky's burlesque shows. Costello was a burlesque comic since 1930 after failing to break into movie acting, and working as a stunt double and film extra. Costello appeared briefly in the 1927 Laurel and Hardy silent two-reeler, The Battle of the Century, seated at ringside during Stan's ill-fated boxing match. As a teenager, Costello was an amateur boxer in his hometown of Paterson, New Jersey.

Radio historian Gerald Nachman has suggested Abbott's wife advised the permanent pairing with Costello. Nachman adds, "Costello look[ed] for a smoother straight man and Abbott [needed] a permanent opposite." The duo built an act by refining and reworking numerous routines from their former vaudeville and burlesque sketches into the long-familiar presence of Abbott as the devious straight man, and Costello as the stumbling, dimwitted laugh-getter.

Fame

The duo's first known radio appearance was on The Kate Smith Hour, where they debuted with a version of "Who's on First?" and ended up replacing Henny Youngman on the show. They stayed as regulars for two years, but the original similarities between their New Jersey-rooted voices made it difficult for listeners (as opposed to stage audiences) to tell them apart thanks to their rapid-fire repartee. The problem, Nachman noted, was resolved by having Costello affect a high-pitched childish voice, and their remaining tenure on the Smith show was successful enough to get the pair roles in a Broadway revue, "The Streets of Paris", in 1939.

In 1940 they were signed by Universal Studios for the film One Night in the Tropics. Cast in a supporting capacity, they stole the show with several classic routines, including "Who's on First?" In the same year, they were a summer replacement on radio for Fred Allen, getting their own NBC show two years later.

Universal signed them to a long-term contract, and their second film, Buck Privates, (1941) secured them as box-office stars. The duo made over 30 films between 1940 and 1956 (see below; Nachman credits Abbott and Costello's films with saving Universal, which the duo are believed to have pondered buying themselves at the height of their success). They were among the most popular and highest-paid entertainers in the world during World War II. Their other film successes included Buck Privates, Hold That Ghost, Who Done It?, Pardon My Sarong, The Time of Their Lives, Buck Privates Come Home, Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein and Abbott and Costello Meet the Invisible Man.

In 1942, Abbott and Costello were the top box office draw with a reported take of $10 million. They would be a top ten box office attraction---helped in no small manner by their popular radio shows---until 1952.

Radio

After working as Allen's summer replacement, Abbott and Costello joined Edgar Bergen and Charlie McCarthy on The Chase and Sanborn Hour in 1941, while two of their films (Buck Privates and Hold That Ghost) were adapted for Lux Radio Theater. They launched their own weekly show October 8, 1942, sponsored by Camel cigarettes.

The Abbott and Costello Show mixed comedy with musical interludes (by singers such as Connie Haines, Marilyn Maxwell, the Delta Rhythm Boys, Skinnay Ennis, and the Les Baxter Singers). Regulars and semi-regulars on the show included Artie Auerbach ("Mr. Kitzel"), Elvia Allman, Iris Adrian, Mel Blanc, Wally Brown, Sharon Douglas, Verna Felton, Sidney Fields, Frank Nelson, Martha Wentworth, and Benay Venuta. Ken Niles was the show's longtime announcer, doubling as an exasperated foil to Abbott & Costello's mishaps (and often fuming in character as Costello routinely insulted his on-air wife); Niles was succeeded by Michael Roy, with announcing chores also handled over the years by Frank Bingman and Jim Doyle. The show went through several orchestras during its radio life, including those of Ennis, Charles Hoff, Matty Matlock, Jack Meakin, Will Osborne, Freddie Rich, Leith Stevens, and Peter van Steeden. The show's writers included Howard Harris, Hal Fimberg, Parke Levy, Don Prindle, Eddie Cherkose (later known as Eddie Maxwell), Leonard Stern, Martin Ragaway, Paul Conlan, and Eddie Forman, as well as producer Martin Gosch. Sound effects were handled primarily by Floyd Caton.

Abbott and Costello moved the show to ABC (the former NBC Blue Network) five years after they premiered on NBC. During their time on ABC, the duo also hosted a 30-minute children's radio program (The Abbott and Costello Children's Show), which aired Saturday mornings, featuring vocalist Anna Mae Slaughter and announcer Johnny McGovern.

Television

In 1951, they moved to television--first as frequent hosts of The Colgate Comedy Hour (Eddie Cantor and Martin and Lewis were among the others). Each show was a live hour of vaudeville in front of a theater audience, revitalizing the comedians' performances and giving their old routines a new sparkle.

Beginning in 1952, The Abbott and Costello Show was a filmed half-hour series loosely adapted from their radio show, casting the duo as unemployed wastrels. One of the show's running gags involved Abbott perpetually nagging Costello to get a job to pay their rent, while Abbott barely lifted a finger in that direction. The show featured Sidney Fields as their landlord, and Hillary Brooke as a friendly neighbor who sometimes got involved in the pair's schemes. Another semi-regular was Joe Besser as Stinky, a 40-year-old sissy dressed in a Little Lord Fauntleroy suit. Gordon Jones was Mike the cop, who always lost patience with Lou.^[1] The Abbott and Costello Show ran from 1952 to 1954, but the show found a larger viewership via syndicated reruns from the late 1960s to the 2000's. In 2006 the shows were released in two five-DVD sets.

Private lives

Both Abbott and Costello met and married girls they knew in burlesque: Bud's wife was the former Betty Smith, Lou's was the former Anne Battler. The Costellos had four children; the Abbotts adopted two.

Abbott and Costello faced personal demons at times. Both were inveterate gamblers, and had serious health problems. Abbott suffered from epilepsy and turned to alcohol for pain management; Costello had occasional, near-fatal bouts with rheumatic fever. On the night Costello returned to radio after a one year layoff due to his illness, his infant son died in an accidental drowning at home. Costello was never the same man after that.

During 1945 a serious rift developed, when a domestic servant fired by Costello was promptly hired by Abbott. Costello, stung by Abbott's move, refused to speak to his partner except when performing. The team's films of 1946 reflect the split, with them appearing separately in character roles. Abbott resolved the rift in 1947 when he volunteered to help with Costello's pet charity, a foundation for underprivileged kids.

Later years

In the 1950s Abbott and Costello's popularity waned, their place as filmdom's hottest comedy team having long since been taken by Martin and Lewis. Another reason was overexposure, as Abbott and Costello's routines, already familiar, were now glutting the movie and television markets. Each year they made two new films, while Realart Pictures re-released most of their older hits; their filmed television series was widely syndicated, and they did the same routines frequently on the Colgate program. (Writer Parke Levy told Jordan R. Young, in The Laugh Crafters: Comedy Writing in Radio and TV's Golden Age, that he was stunned to learn that Bud and Lou were afraid to perform new material.) Universal dropped the comedy team in 1955, and after one more independent film, Bud Abbott retired.

In 1956, the Internal Revenue Service charged them for back taxes, forcing them to sell their homes and most of their assets, including their film rights.

Costello made about ten solo appearances on The Steve Allen Show and headlined in Las Vegas. He appeared in episodes of GE Theater and Wagon Train. On March 3, 1959, shortly after making his lone solo film, The 30 Foot Bride of Candy Rock, Costello died of a heart attack.

Abbott attempted a comeback in 1960, teaming with Candy Candido. Although the new act received good reviews, Bud quit, remarking, "No one could ever live up to Lou." A serious weakness of the new act was that it copied the old act: Abbott and Candido simply reprised old Abbott & Costello routines, with Candido blatantly imitating Costello. Candido would then do a comedic monologue in his own persona while Abbott took a break backstage, then the finale consisted of both men performing the classic "Who's on First?" routine.

Abbott made a solo appearance on an episode of GE Theater in 1961. In 1966 Bud voiced his character in a series of 156 five-minute Abbott and Costello cartoons made by Hanna-Barbera. [1] Lou's character was voiced by Stan Irwin. Abbott died of cancer on April 24, 1974.

Spin-offs

The cartoon series was not the first time Abbott and Costello were immortalized in animation. During the height of their popularity in the 1940s, Warner Bros.'s Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies animation unit produced several cartoons featuring the pair as cats or mice named "Babbit and Catstello". One of the cartoons, "A Tale of Two Kitties", introduced one of the most enduring characters in the history of animation -- Tweety Bird. The other cartoon was "A Tale of Two Mice". In both cartoons, Tedd Pierce and Mel Blanc, respectively, provide good voice impressions of the comedy duo.

The revival of their former television series in syndicated reruns in the late 1960s and early 1970s helped spark renewed interest in the duo, as did the televising of many of their old film hits. In 1994, comedian Jerry Seinfeld---who claims Abbott and Costello were a strong influence on his own work---hosted a television special Abbott and Costello meet Jerry Seinfeld (the title referencing the duo's popular film series in which they met some of Universal's famed horror picture characters), on NBC; the special was said to have been seen in over 20 million homes. Seinfeld himself has always claimed that The Abbott and Costello Show was the inspiration for his own popular series.

"Who's on First?" is believed to be available in as many as 20 versions; Abbott and Costello performed subtle variations of the routine in film, on their radio show, and on television (in one of their Colgate Comedy Hour installments and their half-hour TV series). Nachman wrote that the duo's radio contract may have included an agreement to perform "Who's on First?" at least once a month. Perhaps the most successful of the routines "Who's on First?" spawned was "Hertz U-Drive," about renting a car. On one of their radio broadcasts, the duo preceded yet another version of "Who's on First?" with a similar routine hooked around Cleveland Indians Hall of Fame pitcher Bob Feller.

Cultural references

"The Abbott and Costello Show" is a catchphrase occasionally used when referring to the Australian government of John Howard due to the names of two prominent members of the ministry—federal health minister Tony Abbott and federal treasurer Peter Costello.

In the 1988 movie Rain Man, Dustin Hoffman's autistic character Raymond Babbitt recites an affectless "Who's On First" as a defense mechanism when others become upset with him or something does not go his way.

NBC's Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip (2006), a drama about life backstage at a television comedy series, used "Who's on First?" as a plot device when the parents of cast member Tom Jeter (Nate Corddry) visit from Ohio, and he gives them a tour of the theater. However, they have little understanding of comedy and have never heard of "Who's on First?" In an attempt to relate to his parents just before they begin the long drive back to Ohio, Tom gives them a recording of "Who's on First?", which (according to the show's mythology) was first performed in the Addison Theater—the august building which later became Studio 60.

In the film , an Abbot, played by Dick Van Patten, walks down the aisle prior to a wedding, and someone in the crowd screams out "Hey, Abbot!", much like Lou Costello.

An episode of the Veggie Tales children's show, "Duke and the Great Pie War", features a character named The Abbot of Costello who tests two of the characters using a modified "Who's On First?" routine.

One episode of the 1980's television show Remington Steele also featured a character called the Abbot of Costello.

An episode of Animaniacs featured the characters of Skippy and Aunt Slappy doing a version of the skit at Woodstock, instead using the band names of The Who, The Band and Yes instead of the names "Who," "What" and "I Don't Know."

Harvey Korman (Bud) and Buddy Hackett (Lou) portrayed the duo in a 1978 NBC television movie on the team.

In the first season of The West Wing in the episode He Shall, from Time To Time..., White House Chief of Staff Leo McGarry refers to Sam Seaborn and Josh Lyman as Abbott and Costello.

Filmography

Year	Movie	Lou Costello Role	Bud Abbott Role	Notes
1940	One Night in the Tropics	Costello	Abbott	Film Debut
1941	Buck Privates	Herbie Brown	Slicker Smith
1941	In the Navy	Pomeroy Watson	Smokey Adams
1941	Hold That Ghost	Ferdinand Jones	Chuck Murray
1941	Keep 'Em Flying	Heathcliffe	Blackie Benson
1942	Ride 'Em Cowboy	Willoughby	Duke
1942	Rio Rita	Wishy Dunn	Doc
1942	Pardon My Sarong	Wellington Phlug	Algy Shaw
1942	Who Done It?	Mervyn Milgrim	Chick Larkin
1943	It Ain't Hay	Wilbur Hoolihan	Grover Mickridge
1943	Hit The Ice	Tubby McCoy	Flash Fulton
1944	In Society	Albert Mansfield	Eddie Harrington
1944	Lost in a Harem	Harvey Garvey	Peter Johnson
1945	Here Come The Co-Eds	Oliver Quackenbush	Slats McCarthy
1945	The Naughty Nineties	Sebastian Dinwiddie	Dexter Broadhurst
1945	Abbott and Costello in Hollywood	Abercrombie	Buzz Kurtis
1946	Little Giant	Benny Miller	John Morrison/Tom Chandler
1946	The Time of Their Lives	Horatio Prim	Cuthbert/Dr. Greenway
1947	Buck Privates Come Home	Herbie Brown	Slicker Smith	Sequel to Buck Privates
1947	The Wistful Widow of Wagon Gap	Chester Wooley	Duke Egan
1948	The Noose Hangs High	Tommy Hinchcliffe	Ted Higgins
1948	Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein	Wilbur Gray	Chick Young
1948	Mexican Hayride	Joe Bascom/Humphrey Fish	Harry Lambert
1949	Africa Screams	Stanley Livington	Buzz Johnson
1949	Abbott and Costello Meet the Killer, Boris Karloff	Freddie Phillips	Casey Edwards
1950	Abbott and Costello in the Foreign Legion	Lou Hotchkiss	Bud Jones
1951	Abbott and Costello Meet the Invisible Man	Lou Francis	Bud Alexander
1951	Comin' Round The Mountain	Wilbert	Al Stewart
1952	Jack and the Beanstalk	Jack	Mr. Dinklepuss
1952	Lost in Alaska	George Bell	Tom Watson
1952	Abbott and Costello Meet Captain Kidd	Oliver "Puddin' Head" Johnson	Rocky Stonebridge
1953	Abbott and Costello Go to Mars	Orville	Lester
1953	Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde	Tubby	Slim
1955	Abbott and Costello Meet the Keystone Kops	Willie Piper	Harry Pierce
1955	Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy	Costello (erroneously listed in the film as "Freddie Franklin"	Abbott (erroneously listed in the film as "Pete Patterson")
1956	Dance with Me, Henry!	Lou Henry	Bud Flick
1959	The 30-Foot Bride of Candy Rock	Artie Pinsetter	-	Lou Costello only.
1965	The World of Abbott and Costello	-	-	Compilation film

See also

• Laurel and Hardy
• Martin and Lewis

References

Books

• Furmanek, Bob and Ron Palumbo. Abbott and Costello in Hollywood. New York: Perigee, 1991. ISBN 0-3995-1605-0
• Dunning, John. On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
• Nachman, Gerald. Raised on Radio. (New York: Pantheon Books, 1998.)
• Sies, Luther F. Encyclopedia of American Radio. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2000.
• Terrace, Vincent. Radio Programs,. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1999.
• Young, Jordan R. The Laugh Crafters: Comedy Writing in Radio and TV's Golden Age. (Beverly Hills, California: Past Times, 1999.)

Listen to

• Over 150 free MP3 Abbott and Costello Show downloads
• Free OTR: Abbott and Costello
• OTR Network LIbrary: Abbott and Costello (44 episodes)
• Pokomoko (mp3)

External links

• Bud Abbott at the Internet Movie Database
• Lou Costello at the Internet Movie Database
• Abbott and Costello at the Radio Hall of Fame
• Official Website
• Official Fan Club
• Radio Log

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